{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:32:11Z","timestamp":1791419531773,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":213,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Great Lakes Water Authority (GLWA)","award":["NIH P42ES030991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH P42ES030991"]}]},{"name":"Erb Family Foundation through Healthy Urban Waters at Wayne State University, and Wayne State University CLEAR Superfund Research","award":["NIH P42ES030991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH P42ES030991"]}]},{"name":"NIH Superfund","award":["NIH P42ES030991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH P42ES030991"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) systematic review synthesized effects of background levels of per- and polyfluorylalkyl substance (PFAS) levels on reproductive health outcomes in the general public: fertility, preterm birth, miscarriage, ovarian health, menstruation, menopause, sperm health, and in utero fetal growth. The inclusion criteria included original research (or primary) studies, human subjects, and investigation of outcomes of interest following non-occupational exposures. It drew from four databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Embase and Health and Environmental Research Online (HERO)) using a standardized search string for all studies published between 1 January 2017 and 13 April 2022. Risk of bias was assessed by two independent reviewers. Data were extracted and reviewed by multiple reviewers. Each study was summarized under its outcome in terms of methodology and results and placed in context, with recommendations for future research. Of 1712 records identified, 30 were eligible, with a total of 27,901 participants (33 datasets, as three studies included multiple outcomes). There was no effect of background levels of PFAS on fertility. There were weakly to moderately increased odds of preterm birth with higher perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) levels; the same for miscarriage with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) levels. There was limited yet suggestive evidence for a link between PFAS and early menopause and primary ovarian insufficiency; menstrual cycle characteristics were inconsistent. PFAS moderately increased odds of PCOS- and endometriosis-related infertility, respectively. Sperm motility and DNA health were moderately impaired by multiple PFAS. Fetal growth findings were inconsistent. This review may be used to inform forthcoming drinking water standards and policy initiatives regarding PFAS compounds and drinking water. Future reviews would benefit from more recent studies. Larger studies in these areas are warranted. Future studies should plan large cohorts and open access data availability to capture small effects and serve the public. Funding: Great Lakes Water Authority (Detroit, MI), the Erb Family Foundation through Healthy Urban Waters at Wayne State University (Detroit, MI), and Wayne State University CLEAR Superfund Research (NIH P42ES030991).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21121615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T13:34:04Z","timestamp":1733146444000},"page":"1615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Environmental Exposure to Per- and Polyfluorylalkyl Substances (PFASs) and Reproductive Outcomes in the General Population: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9582-3226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Haimbaugh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle N.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9826-3711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mackenzie L.","family":"Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Blount-Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dienye","family":"Tolofari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Lakes Water Authority, Detroit, MI 48226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8670-3867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3350-8367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dayita","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Lakes Water Authority, Detroit, MI 48226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5057-4155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tracie R.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.4.5.293","article-title":"Effects of Prenatal Exposure to the Dutch Famine on Adult Disease in Later Life: An Overview","volume":"4","author":"Roseboom","year":"2001","journal-title":"Twin Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laine, J.E., Ray, P., Bodnar, W., Cable, P.H., Boggess, K., Offenbacher, S., and Fry, R.C. 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