{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T21:23:10Z","timestamp":1791667390262,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Indiana Department of Health","award":["72645"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72645"]}]},{"name":"Indiana University Office of the Vice Provost of Research","award":["72645"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72645"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Physical inactivity in the U.S. poses a significant risk of developing chronic health factors associated with cardiovascular disease. Children from rural communities are especially vulnerable to inactivity. The Hoosier Sport program aims to address this by working to increase physical activity in 6th and 7th grade students in a rural Indiana middle school. Hoosier Sport uses sport participation coupled with health education delivered by college-service learning students to establish healthy behaviors that children can sustain throughout their life. The purpose of this prospective longitudinal study was to evaluate the implementation of Hoosier Sport in a rural middle school, using a multi-component evaluation approach. Methods: This prospective program evaluation study utilized The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to assess feasibility outcomes such as recruitment, retention, fidelity, attendance, acceptability, and cost. CFIR was incorporated through surveys completed by Hoosier Sport team members to identify facilitators and barriers. Fidelity was measured using SOSPAN and SOFIT tools. SOSPAN (System for Observation of Staff Promotion of Activity and Nutrition) monitored staff interactions with children during physical education classes. SOFIT (System of Observing Fitness Instruction Time) evaluated the duration and type of activities in each lesson context. For our descriptive analysis, we calculated means and standard deviation for continuous variables and percentages for categorical variables. Results: All feasibility measures met or exceeded the a priori threshold, indicating high success. Fidelity was high among college student implementers and child participants. SOSPAN showed that staff did not use physical activity as punishment, engaged in physical activity 62.5% of the time, provided verbal encouragement 87.5% of the time, and used elimination games only 2.5% of the time. SOFIT revealed significant promotion of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, with 94% during the 4-week strength training intervention and 95% during the 4-week basketball intervention. The barrier buster tool identified general agreement with most statements, indicating promising system-level acceptability. Conclusion: The study results demonstrate successful feasibility, high fidelity, and promising system-level acceptability. These findings underscore the importance of continued refinement and repeated evaluation of the program in alignment with the ORBIT model. The use of college student implementers presents a sustainable model that benefits all participants involved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21121645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T08:40:10Z","timestamp":1733820010000},"page":"1645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of a Pilot College Student-Based Physical Activity Implementation Strategy in a Rural Middle School"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Megan M.","family":"Kwaiser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Medellin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5968-8730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janette M.","family":"Watkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience, College of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janelle M.","family":"Goss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Hobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"White River Valley Middle School, Lyons, IN 47433, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa M.","family":"Martinez Kercher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health & Wellness Design, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4092-7113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle A.","family":"Kercher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6708a1","article-title":"Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance\u2014United States, 2017","volume":"67","author":"Kann","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2022). Physical Activity Facts, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200209000-00002","article-title":"Obesity, Physical Inactivity, and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"324","author":"Dubbert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001939","article-title":"Physical Activity, All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality, and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"51","author":"Kraus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022). Chronic Disease Fact Sheet: Physical Inactivity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bidzan-Bluma, I., and Lipowska, M. (2018). Physical Activity and Cognitive Functioning of Children: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15040800"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-01054-y","article-title":"Physical activity and sedentary time of youth in structured settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Tassitano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E11","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000000333","article-title":"Rural Active Living: A Call to Action","volume":"22","author":"Moore","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Public Health Manag. Pract."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Kohl, H.W., and Cook, H.D. (2013). Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190997","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-0997","article-title":"Organized Sports for Children, Preadolescents, and Adolescents","volume":"143","author":"Logan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/yd.224","article-title":"Characteristics of sports-based youth development programs","volume":"2007","author":"Perkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"New Dir. Youth Dev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson-Butcher, D., Amorose, A.J., Sobecki, C., Scheadler, T.R., Atkinson, O., and Gutzwiller, E. (2022). What Keeps Kids Coming Back? Retention in a Sport-Based Positive Youth Development Program. Front. Sports Act. Living., 20.","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2022.816539"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Beyler, N., Bleeker, M., James-Burdumy, S., Fortson, J., London, R., Westrich, L., Stokes-Guinan, K., and Castrechini, S. (2013). Findings from an Experimental Evaluation of Playworks: Effects on Play, Physical Activity and Recess, Mathematica Policy Research. Report Submitted to the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Fortson, J., James-Burdumy, S., Bleeker, M., Beyler, N., London, R.A., Westrich, L., Stokes-Guinan, K., and Castrechini, S. (2013). Impact and Implementation Findings from an Experimental Evaluation of Playworks: Effects on School Climate, Academic Learning, Student Social Skills and Behavior, Mathematica Policy Research. Report Submitted to the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"London, R., Castrechini, S., and Stokes-Guinan, K. (2013). Playworks Implementation in 17 Schools Nationwide, Mathematica Policy Research. Report Submitted to the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2011.00615.x","article-title":"Physical activity and positive youth development: Impact of a school-based program","volume":"81","author":"Madsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.8.5.597","article-title":"Opportunities for Extracurricular Physical Activity in North Carolina Middle Schools","volume":"8","author":"Edwards","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000161","article-title":"From ideas to efficacy: The ORBIT model for developing behavioral treatments for chronic diseases","volume":"34","author":"Czajkowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"e27349","article-title":"The Impact of Role Models, Mentors, and Heroes on Academic and Social Outcomes in Adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Atif","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.5330\/PSC.n.2010-12.292","article-title":"Increases in Academic Connectedness and Self-Esteem Among High School Students Who Serve as Cross-Age Peer Mentors","volume":"12","author":"Karcher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prof. Sch. Couns."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DuBois, D.L., and Karcher, M.J. (2014). Youth Mentoring in Contemporary Perspective. Handbook of Youth Mentoring, SAGE Publications, Inc.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412996907"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"60","article-title":"Factors Influencing Implementation of Youth Physical Activity Interventions: An Expert Perspective","volume":"1","author":"Lau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. J. Am. Coll. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watkins, J.M., Goss, J.M., Major, M.G., Kwaiser, M.M., Medellin, A.M., Hobson, J.M., Kercher, V.M.M., and Kercher, K.A. (2024). Refined Feasibility Testing of an 8-Week Sport and Physical Activity Intervention in a Rural Middle School. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21070913"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greeven, S.J., Medellin, A.M., Watkins, J.M., Coble, C.J., Brunnemer, J.E., Fern\u00e1ndez Sol\u00e1, P.A., Dutta, S., Hobson, J.M., Evanovich, J.M., and Martinez Kercher, V.M. (2023). Multilevel needs assessment of physical activity, sport, psychological needs, and nutrition in rural children and adults. Front. Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1290567"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deci, E.L., and Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2271-7"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-10-111","article-title":"Testing a self-determination theory model of children\u2019s physical activity motivation: A cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Sebire","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cach\u00f3n-Zagalaz, J., Carrasco-Venturelli, H., S\u00e1nchez-Zafra, M., and Zagalaz-S\u00e1nchez, M.L. (2023). Motivation toward Physical Activity and Healthy Habits of Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10040659"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-022-01245-0","article-title":"The updated Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research based on user feedback","volume":"17","author":"Damschroder","year":"2022","journal-title":"Implement. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-4-50","article-title":"Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: A consolidated framework for advancing implementation science","volume":"4","author":"Damschroder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Implement. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s43058-022-00380-5","article-title":"A pragmatic context assessment tool (pCAT): Using a Think Aloud method to develop an assessment of contextual barriers to change","volume":"4","author":"Robinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Implement. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/ibz164","article-title":"Pragmatic measures for implementation research: Development of the Psychometric and Pragmatic Evidence Rating Scale (PAPERS)","volume":"11","author":"Stanick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2012-0007","article-title":"System for Observing Staff Promotion of Activity and Nutrition (SOSPAN)","volume":"11","author":"Weaver","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-021-01197-6","article-title":"Physical activity in out of school hours care: An observational study","volume":"18","author":"Crowe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maher, C., Virgara, R., Okely, T., Stanley, R., Watson, M., and Lewis, L. (2019). Physical activity and screen time in out of school hours care: An observational study. BMC Pediatr., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1653-x"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.11.2.195","article-title":"SOFIT: System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time","volume":"11","author":"McKenzie","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Teach. Phys. Educ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2017.1376028","article-title":"Studies of Physical Education in the United States Using SOFIT: A Review","volume":"88","author":"McKenzie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/00131245221076097","article-title":"Social Capital and First-Generation College Students: Examining the Relationship Between Mentoring and College Enrollment","volume":"55","author":"Glass","year":"2023","journal-title":"Educ. Urban Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2202\/1949-6605.1755","article-title":"First-Generation Status and Student Race\/Ethnicity as Distinct Predictors of Student Involvement and Learning","volume":"44","author":"Lundberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"NASPA J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2023.107810","article-title":"Children\u2019s physical activity and sedentary behaviour in before school care: An observational study","volume":"178","author":"Woods","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watkins, J.M., Greeven, S.J., Heeter, K.N., Brunnemer, J.E., Otile, J., Sol\u00e1, P.A.F., Dutta, S., Hobson, J.M., Evanovich, J.M., and Coble, C.J. (2024). Human-centered participatory co-design with children and adults for a prototype lifestyle intervention and implementation strategy in a rural middle school. BMC Public Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18351-x"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.56980\/jkw.v2i1.29","article-title":"The effects of game size on the physical activity levels and ball touches of elementary school children in physical education","volume":"2","author":"Bell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Kinesiol. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.2.185","article-title":"Frequency and Intensity of Activity of Third-Grade Children in Physical Education","volume":"157","author":"Nader","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4236\/ape.2015.51005","article-title":"Children\u2019s Physical Activity and Associated Variables during Preschool Physical Education","volume":"5","author":"Chow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Phys. Educ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1097\/FCH.0000000000000115","article-title":"Consistency of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity in Middle School Physical Education","volume":"39","author":"Gill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fam. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839919830923","article-title":"Barriers and Facilitators to Implementing Exercise is Medicine Canada on Campus Groups","volume":"20","author":"McEachern","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Promot. Pract."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s43058-023-00503-6","article-title":"A stakeholder-developed logic model to improve utilization of pharmacy-prescribed contraception in Utah","volume":"4","author":"Simmons","year":"2023","journal-title":"Implement. Sci. Commun."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/21\/12\/1645\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:51:31Z","timestamp":1760115091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/21\/12\/1645"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph21121645"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph21121645","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]}}}