{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T01:18:01Z","timestamp":1790039881286,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CONACyT","award":["CVU: 417307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CVU: 417307"]}]},{"name":"CONACyT","award":["22-13-20032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-13-20032"]}]},{"name":"Russian Science Foundation and Tomsk Region","award":["CVU: 417307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CVU: 417307"]}]},{"name":"Russian Science Foundation and Tomsk Region","award":["22-13-20032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-13-20032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer treatments have harmful side effects, including genotoxic ones. Our previous research discovered that a specific silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) formulation could reduce the genotoxic effects of an alkylating agent, cyclophosphamide. This study aims to evaluate if this protective effect is observed against an antimetabolite anticancer agent, cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C). An erythrocyte micronucleus assay was conducted on BALB\/c mice. A most significant effect was observed after the application scheme, including three doses of Ara-C and three subsequent doses of AgNPs, resulting in a 3.7 and 2.0-fold decrease in the frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes and accumulated erythrocytes, respectively. Current and previous studies reveal that AgNPs could be used as a genoprotector against the genotoxic damage produced by the currently used antineoplastic antimetabolites and alkylating agents. It was revealed that AgNPs could be considered a new class of promising synthetic antineoplastic genoprotectants along with the known class of derivatives from natural sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21121689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T11:17:22Z","timestamp":1734520642000},"page":"1689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Protective Effect of Silver Nanoparticles Against Cytosine Arabinoside Genotoxicity: An In Vivo Micronucleus Assay"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Idalia Yazmin","family":"Casta\u00f1eda-Yslas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Torres-Bugar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicina Interna II, Decanato Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guadalajara, Zapopan 45129, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0997-6902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Evarista","family":"Arellano-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2292-5891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Balam","family":"Ruiz-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud Unidad Valle Dorado, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Ensenada 22890, Baja California, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9861-2467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Garc\u00eda-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Ensenada, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico, Ensenada 22780, Baja California, Mexico"},{"name":"Centro de Bachillerato Tecnol\u00f3gico Industrial y de Servicios No. 41\u201d Belisario Dom\u00ednguez\u201d, Direcci\u00f3n General de Educaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica Industrial, Ensenada 22785, Baja California, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanis","family":"Toledano-Maga\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Ensenada, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico, Ensenada 22780, Baja California, Mexico"},{"name":"Centro de Bachillerato Tecnol\u00f3gico Industrial y de Servicios No. 41\u201d Belisario Dom\u00ednguez\u201d, Direcci\u00f3n General de Educaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica Industrial, Ensenada 22785, Baja California, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9034-4733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey","family":"Pestryakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Bogdanchikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1515\/epoly-2017-0202","article-title":"Polymeric advanced delivery systems for antineoplasic drugs: Doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"e-Polymers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2022.104036","article-title":"Characterization of the genotoxic profile of antineoplastic drugs using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay","volume":"97","author":"Struys","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1735","article-title":"Evaluation of genotoxicity induced by exposure to antineoplastic drugs in lymphocytes of oncology nurses and pharmacists","volume":"33","author":"Abuelfadl","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuarg.2019.03.001","article-title":"Security of antineoplastic and immunomodulating drugs applied in neurology","volume":"11","author":"Martino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Argent."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462300008011","article-title":"Technology Assessment In A User Perspective-Experiences with Drug Technology","volume":"8","author":"Hansen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Technol. Assess. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.4103\/2279-042X.114091","article-title":"Side effects of antineoplastic and immunomodulating medications reported by European consumers","volume":"2","author":"Aagaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Res. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2008.11.007","article-title":"Cytosine arabinoside-induced cytogenotoxicity in bone marrow and spermatogonial cells of mice and its potential transmission through the male germline","volume":"673","author":"Palo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1463-1","article-title":"Association of genetic polymorphisms in genes involved in Ara-C and dNTP metabolism pathway with chemosensitivity and prognosis of adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML)","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fajardo-Ordu\u00f1a, G.R., Ledesma-Mart\u00ednez, E., Agui\u00f1iga-S\u00e1nchez, I., Mora-Garc\u00eda, M.d.L., Weiss-Steider, B., and Santiago-Osorio, E. (2021). Inhibitors of chemoresistance pathways in combination with ara-c to overcome multidrug resistance in aml. A mini review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094955"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26831","article-title":"A phase II study of combination daunorubicin, cytarabine (Ara-c), and nilotinib (TAsigna) (DATA) in patients newly diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia with KIT expression","volume":"98","author":"Tibes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"4528241","article-title":"Antiproliferative and antitumour effect of nongenotoxic silver nanoparticles on melanoma models","volume":"2019","author":"Pestryakov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plotnikov, E.V., Tretayakova, M.S., Garibo-Ru\u00edz, D., Rodr\u00edguez-Hern\u00e1ndez, A.G., Pestryakov, A.N., Toledano-Maga\u00f1a, Y., and Bogdanchikova, N. (2023). A Comparative Study of Cancer Cells Susceptibility to Silver Nanoparticles Produced by Electron Beam. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15030962"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casillas-Figueroa, F., Arellano-Garc\u00eda, M.E., Leyva-Aguilera, C., Ru\u00edz-Ru\u00edz, B., V\u00e1zquez-G\u00f3mez, R.L., Radilla-Ch\u00e1vez, P., Ch\u00e1vez-Santoscoy, R.A., Pestryakov, A., Toledano-Maga\u00f1a, Y., and Garc\u00eda-Ramos, J.C. (2020). Argovit\u2122 silver nanoparticles effects on allium cepa: Plant growth promotion without cyto genotoxic damage. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10071386"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casta\u00f1eda-Yslas, I.Y., Torres-Bugar\u00edn, O., Garc\u00eda-Ramos, J.C., Toledano-Maga\u00f1a, Y., Radilla-Ch\u00e1vez, P., Bogdanchikova, N., Pestryakov, A., Ruiz-Ruiz, B., and Arellano-Garc\u00eda, M.E. (2021). AgNPs Argovit\u2122 modulates cyclophosphamide-induced genotoxicity on peripheral blood erythrocytes in vivo. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11082096"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4698","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00413a018","article-title":"Functional Consequences of the Arabinosylcytosine Structural Lesion in DNA","volume":"27","author":"Mikita","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.11.054","article-title":"Effect of silver nanoparticles on the metabolic rate, hematological response, and survival of juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei","volume":"169","author":"Re","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1504\/IJNT.2016.074536","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles composition for treatment of distemper in dogs","volume":"13","author":"Bogdanchikova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"19","article-title":"Silver Nanoparticles for the Rapid Healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcers","volume":"4","author":"Pestryakov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12005","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c00149","article-title":"Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay Using Human Lymphocytes as a Sensitive Tool for Cytotoxicity\/Genotoxicity Evaluation of AgNPs","volume":"5","author":"Pestryakov","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luna-V\u00e1zquez-G\u00f3mez, R., Arellano-Garc\u00eda, M.E.M.E., Garc\u00eda-Ramos, J.C.J.C., Radilla-Ch\u00e1vez, P., Salas-Vargas, D.S.D.S., Casillas-Figueroa, F., Ruiz-Ruiz, B., Bogdanchikova, N., and Pestryakov, A. (2021). Hemolysis of Human Erythrocytes by ArgovitTM AgNPs from Healthy and Diabetic Donors: An In Vitro Study. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14112792"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"72","article-title":"Influence of nanosized amorphous silica on assimilation of vitamins B15 B2 and B6 in rats","volume":"85","author":"Gmoshinsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vopr. Pitan."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"46","article-title":"Toxicological evaluation of nanosized colloidal silver, stabilized with polyvinylpyrrolidone. I. Characterization of nanomaterial, integral, hematological parameters, level of thiol compounds and liver cell apoptosis","volume":"84","author":"Shumakova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vopr. Pitan."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almanza-Reyes, H., Moreno, S., Plascencia-L\u00f3pez, I., Alvarado-Vera, M., Patr\u00f3n-Romero, L., Borrego, B., Reyes-Escamilla, A., Valencia-Manzo, D., Brun, A., and Pestryakov, A. (2021). Evaluation of silver nanoparticles for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection in health workers: In vitro and in vivo. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.20.21256197"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"147","article-title":"The topical application of ag nanoparticles-based medications after the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses surgery","volume":"15","author":"Fidarova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Russ. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2016.01.021","article-title":"Potential application of silver nanoparticles to control the infectivity of Rift Valley fever virus in vitro and in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Borrego","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.31677\/2072-6724-2018-48-3-78-85","article-title":"Morphological and physical parameters of Argovit silver nanoparticles","volume":"48","author":"Burmistrov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. NSAU Novosib. State Agrar. Univ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s41021-016-0044-x","article-title":"The micronucleus test-most widely used in vivo genotoxicity test","volume":"38","author":"Hayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genes Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(92)90215-L","article-title":"Micronucleus test with mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes by acridine orange supravital staining: The summary report of the 5th collaborative study by CSGMT\/JEMS MMS","volume":"278","author":"Hayashi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gastelum-Leyva, F., Pena-Jasso, A., Alvarado-Vera, M., Plascencia-L\u00f3pez, I., Patr\u00f3n-Romero, L., Loera-Casta\u00f1eda, V., G\u00e1ndara-Mireles, J.A., Lares-Asseff, I., Leal-\u00c1vila, M., and Alvelais-Palacios, J.A. (2022). Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Silver Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Non-Neurological and Neurological Distemper in Dogs: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112329"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"OECD (2014). Test No. 474: Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test, OECD Library."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-7992(95)90076-4","article-title":"Sample size for the estimation of polychromatic to normochromatic erythrocyte ratio in the bone marrow micronucleus test","volume":"347","author":"McFadden","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"SAGARPA (2001). Mexican regulation of the Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Development: Oficial Mexican Norms, NOM-062-ZOO-1999 Especificaciones T\u00e9cnicas Para la Producci\u00f3n, Cuidado y Uso de los Animales de Laboratorio. Diar. Off. Fed., 1, 107\u2013165."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0188-4409(02)00470-8","article-title":"Induction of micronucleated erythrocytes in mouse peripheral blood after cutaneous application of 5-fluorouracil","volume":"34","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-7992(83)90096-9","article-title":"An application of Acridine Orange fluorescent staining to the micronucleus test","volume":"120","author":"Hayashi","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1376","article-title":"Animal Model Establishment and Its Mechanism of Cytarabine-Iduced Myelosuppression","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-7992(82)90171-3","article-title":"The persistence of micronuclei in peripheral blood erythrocytes: Detection of chronic chromosome breakage in mice","volume":"104","author":"Schlegel","year":"1982","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00686329","article-title":"Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of cytosine arabinoside in dogs","volume":"29","author":"Chan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2020.1735852","article-title":"Hazard characterization of silver nanoparticles for human exposure routes","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health A Toxic Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2017.1414825","article-title":"Pharmaceutical aspects of silver nanoparticles","volume":"46","author":"Mathur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfw097","article-title":"Disease-induced disparities in formation of the nanoparticle-biocorona and the toxicological consequences","volume":"152","author":"Shannahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laloy, J., Minet, V., Alpan, L., Mullier, F., Beken, S., Toussaint, O., Lucas, S., and Dogn\u00e9, J.-M. (2014). Impact of Silver Nanoparticles on Haemolysis, Platelet Function and Coagulation. Nanobiomedicine, 1.","DOI":"10.5772\/59346"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.1566","article-title":"Effects of cytarabine and various anthracyclins on platelet activation: Characterization of in vitro effects and their possible clinical relevance in acute myelogenous leukemia","volume":"97","author":"Pisani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, H., Seo, J., Yang, E.J., and Choi, I.H. (2021). Silver nanoparticles induce neutrophil extracellular traps via activation of pad and neutrophil elastase. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11020317"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"5","article-title":"Small-size silver nanoparticles stimulate neutrophil oxidative burst through an increase of intracellular calcium levels","volume":"2","author":"Freitas","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Acad. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stru\u017cy\u0144ska, L. (2023). Dual Implications of Nanosilver-Induced Autophagy: Nanotoxicity and Anti-Cancer Effects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015386"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2018.1550226","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles induce protective autophagy via Ca2+\/CaMKK\u03b2\/AMPK\/mTOR pathway in SH-SY5Y cells and rat brains","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/1547691X.2019.1584652","article-title":"Toxicity of silver nanoparticles in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells: Implications for phenotype","volume":"16","author":"Fortoul","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.12.010","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles induce oxidative cell damage in human liver cells through inhibition of reduced glutathione and induction of mitochondria-involved apoptosis","volume":"201","author":"Piao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1504\/IJLR.2010.037668","article-title":"Effect of silver nanoparticle and glycyrrhizic acid (SN-GLY) complex on repair of whole body radiation-induced cellular DNA damage and genomic instability in mice","volume":"7","author":"Chandrasekharan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Low Radiat."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.10.029","article-title":"Biosynthesis of Se nanoparticles and its effect on UV-induced DNA damage","volume":"103","author":"Prasad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00125","DOI":"10.15406\/jnmr.2017.05.00125","article-title":"Anti Genotoxic Effect of TiO2 Nanoparticle Biosynthesized from Sargassum polycystum\u2014A Marine Macroalgae","volume":"5","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nanomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-013-0212-2","article-title":"Antigenotoxic effect of green-synthesised silver nanoparticles from Ocimum sanctum leaf extract against cyclophosphamide induced genotoxicity in human lymphocytes\u2014In vitro","volume":"4","author":"Vijaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2007.12.002","article-title":"Antigenotoxic effect of apigenin against anti-cancerous drugs","volume":"22","author":"Siddique","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-0436.2000.066001001.x","article-title":"Evidence of a functional role for the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(CIP1) in leukemic cell (U937) differentiation induced by low concentrations of 1-\u03b2-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khaled, A.M., Othman, M.S., Obeidat, S.T., Aleid, G.M., Aboelnaga, S.M., Fehaid, A., Hathout, H.M.R., Bakkar, A.A., Moneim, A.E.A., and El-Garawani, I.M. (2024). Green-Synthesized Silver and Selenium Nanoparticles Using Berberine: A Comparative Assessment of In Vitro Anticancer Potential on Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line (HepG2). Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13030287"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.12.028","article-title":"Antimutagenic activity of ipriflavone against the DNA-damage induced by cyclophosphamide in mice","volume":"65","author":"Delarmelina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2014-4132","article-title":"Three further triterpenoid saponins from Gleditsia caspica fruits and protective effect of the total saponin fraction on cyclophosphamide-induced genotoxicity in mice","volume":"70","author":"Melek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch.\u2014C J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Silva Lima, D.C., Do Vale, C.R., Ve\u00e9ras, J.H., Bernardes, A., Pe\u00e9rez, C.N., and Chen-Chen, L. (2017). Absence of genotoxic effects of the chalcone (E)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methylphenyl)-prop-2-en-1-one) and its potential chemoprevention against DNA damage using in vitro and in vivo assays. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171224"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2016.08.015","article-title":"Chemopreventive effect and angiogenic activity of punicalagin isolated from leaves of Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil","volume":"310","author":"Carneiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520616666160906092502","article-title":"Cytotoxic and Chemopreventive Effects of Gemin D Against Different Mutagens Using In Vitro and In Vivo Assays","volume":"17","author":"Carneiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anticancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-7992(92)90088-Y","article-title":"Suppressing effects of glucan on micronuclei induced by cyclophosphamide in mice","volume":"282","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"646","article-title":"Protective effects of Salvia officinalis extract against cyclophosphamide-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats","volume":"36","author":"Altun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.03.033","article-title":"Genotoxic assessment of Rubus imperialis (Rosaceae) extract in vivo and its potential chemoprevention against cyclophosphamide-induced DNA damage","volume":"153","author":"Alves","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.08.058","article-title":"Oyster (Ostrea plicatula Gmelin) polysaccharides intervention ameliorates cyclophosphamide\u2014Induced genotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in mice via the Nrf2\u2014ARE pathway","volume":"95","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(97)00176-9","article-title":"Ultrasonication: The way to achieve antimutagenic effect of carboxymethyl-chitin-glucan by oral administration","volume":"412","author":"Chorvatovicova","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.06.006","article-title":"In vivo antigenotoxic activity of Diplotaxis tenuifolia against cyclophosphamide-induced DNA damage: Relevance of modulation of hepatic ABC efflux transporters","volume":"836","author":"Peroni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"171","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of naringin on the micronuclei induced by ifosfamide in mouse, and evaluation of its modulatory effect on the Cyp3a subfamily","volume":"480\u2013481","author":"Dorado","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mut. Res.\u2014Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dassprakash, M.V., Arun, R., Abraham, S.K., and Premkumar, K. (2012). In vitro and in vivo evaluation of antioxidant and antigenotoxic potential of Punica granatum leaf extract. Pharm. Biol., 50.","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2012.689771"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/21\/12\/1689\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:54:59Z","timestamp":1760115299000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/21\/12\/1689"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph21121689"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph21121689","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]}}}