{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T20:33:43Z","timestamp":1770755623663,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]],"date-time":"2024-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency"},{"name":"Japan International Cooperation Agency"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Concerns regarding the health risks associated with employe exposure to volatile chemicals during gasoline refueling necessitates rigorous investigation and effective countermeasures. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of vapor recovery systems in mitigating exposure risks during gasoline refueling. Employee exposure to volatile organic compounds, aldehydes, carbon monoxide, and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was assessed at gasoline stations with and without vapor recovery systems. Three stations each from the State of Mexico and Mexico City, equipped with gasoline vapor recovery systems, were compared with three stations in Guadalajara lacking such systems. The exposure concentrations (mean \u00b1 standard deviation) to benzene in Guadalajara, the State of Mexico, and Mexico City were 45 \u00b1 29, 24 \u00b1 20, and 18 \u00b1 15 \u03bcg\/m3, respectively, which were significantly higher than the background atmospheric concentrations at 1.6 \u00b1 0.56, 0.72 \u00b1 0.083, and 0.65 \u00b1 0.14 \u03bcg\/m3, respectively. Similarly, the exposure concentrations of toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes at gasoline stations were significantly higher than the background atmospheric concentrations. However, the exposure concentrations of formaldehyde and PM2.5 were similar to the background atmospheric concentrations. The excess cancer risks due to benzene exposure were estimated at 1.2\u20134.2 \u00d7 10\u22125, 0.63\u20132.2 \u00d7 10\u22125, and 0.46\u20131.6 \u00d7 10\u22125 (mean) and 0.42\u20131.5 \u00d7 10\u22124, 0.29\u20131.0 \u00d7 10\u22124, and 2.4\u20138.6 \u00d7 10\u22125 (maximum) in Guadalajara, the State of Mexico, and Mexico City, respectively. The risk to employees in gasoline stations was reduced by 47\u201361% in service stations with gasoline vapor recovery systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]],"date-time":"2024-12-25T19:19:32Z","timestamp":1735154372000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exposure\/Risk Assessment of Employees in Gasoline Refueling Stations with and Without the Efficacy of Vapor Recovery Systems in Mexico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7675-6929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naohide","family":"Shinohara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability (RISS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose Juan Felipe \u00c1ngeles","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change (INECC), The Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), Blvd. Adolfo Ru\u00edz Cortines 4209 Jardines en la Monta\u00f1a, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel Maga\u00f1a","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change (INECC), The Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), Blvd. Adolfo Ru\u00edz Cortines 4209 Jardines en la Monta\u00f1a, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Becki Gatica","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change (INECC), The Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), Blvd. Adolfo Ru\u00edz Cortines 4209 Jardines en la Monta\u00f1a, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto Basaldud","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change (INECC), The Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), Blvd. Adolfo Ru\u00edz Cortines 4209 Jardines en la Monta\u00f1a, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz Cardenas","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Resources Institute Mexico, Belisario Dominguez No. 8, Coyoacan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Wakamatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrated Atmospheric Environment, 1-2-8 Koraku, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-0004, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 10-13 Dogo-himata, Matsuyama, Ibaraki 790-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2012). 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