{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:37:48Z","timestamp":1759970268842,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Head-out aquatic training, using modalities such as water-aerobics\/hydrogymnastics (HYD) and deep-water running (DWR), has been effective in improving the physical, metabolic and cognitive health of middle-aged adults. However, direct comparisons between these modalities are lacking. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of water aerobics and deep-water running on anthropometric, functional and hemodynamic outcomes in adults and older adults. Methods: An uncontrolled pragmatic trial (RBR-2txw8zy) was conducted with participants aged 30 to 80, allocated to HYD and DWR groups. The intervention consisted of 12 weeks of progressive aerobic training with weekly undulating periodization (2\u00d7 week), divided into three mesocycles (4, 5, and 3 weeks), each lasting 50 min. Intensity was prescribed using the Rate of Perceived Effort (RPE), ranging from RPE 11 to 17. Outcomes assessed included the 30 s chair stand, 30 s arm curl, Timed-Up-and-Go usual (TUG-u) and maximum (TUG-m), 6 min walking test (6MWT), body mass, waist circumference, blood pressure and resting heart rate-HRrest. The analysis was conducted using generalized estimating equations, with per-protocol (PP) and intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses. Results: The study included 104 participants (HYD: n = 63, mean age 59 years, 54 women; DWR: n = 41, mean age 53 years, 33 women). ITT analysis showed improvements in waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and TUG-m in the HYD group, and a reduction in HRrest in the DWR group. Both modalities showed significant improvements in the 30 s chair stand, 30 s arm curl, 6MWT, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio in the PP analysis. Conclusions: Both modalities promoted functional improvements and favorable changes in anthropometric evaluations, with DWR showing a greater reduction in HRrest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22010106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T13:49:32Z","timestamp":1736862572000},"page":"106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison Between Water Aerobics and Deep-Water Running on Middle-Aged Adults\u2019 Anthropometric, Hemodynamic and Functional Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Larissa dos Santos","family":"Leonel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Educa\u00e7\u00e3o F\u00edsica, Centro de Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelica","family":"Danielevicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Educa\u00e7\u00e3o F\u00edsica, Centro de Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1827-7799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo Sudatti","family":"Delevatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Educa\u00e7\u00e3o F\u00edsica, Centro de Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1665-8","article-title":"International Exercise Recommendations in Older Adults (ICFSR): Expert Consensus Guidelines","volume":"25","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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