{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T18:53:19Z","timestamp":1775155999073,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]],"date-time":"2025-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: The recovery method is important and decisive in the training system. This study aimed to assess the effects of various post-training recovery methods on muscle damage and strength indicators in Paralympic powerlifting athletes. (2) Methods: A crossover study was conducted involving eleven male athletes (25.4 \u00b1 3.3 years, 70.3 \u00b1 12.1 kg). Muscle damage was assessed using blood biochemical markers (cytokines IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-\u03b1) and isometric force indicators, including the maximum isometric force (MIF), time to MIF, and Rate of Force Development. The following assessments were performed before, immediately after, and at 24 and 48 h after the recovery protocol: (a) passive recovery (RP) or (b) cold-water immersion (CWI). (3) Results: The main results indicated that maximum isometric force (MIF) significantly improved after 48 h of CWI application (p &lt; 0.05; for all comparison). The analysis of biochemical markers did not yield significant differences between the recovery methods at different time points (p &gt; 0.05). For IL-6, there were significant differences between CWI before (2.29 \u00b1 1.08, 95% CI 1.57\u20133.01) and CWI 2 h later (2 h) (4.59 \u00b1 2.96, 95% CI 2.60\u20136.57; p = 0.045), and between CWI 15 min later (15 min) (4.14 \u00b1 2.24, 95% CI 2.63\u20135.64) and CWI 48 h later (48 h) (2.33 \u00b1 1.25, 95% CI 1.49\u20133.17; p = 0.034). There were differences between CWI 2 h (4.14 \u00b1 2.24, 95% CI 2.63\u20135.64) and CWI 48 h later (2.33 \u00b1 1.25, 95% CI 1.49\u20133.17; p = 0.035; F = 9.202; \u03b72p = 0.479; high effect). (4) Conclusions: CWI significantly improved the post-resistance training muscle damage and strength in Paralympic powerlifting athletes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22010122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T04:04:12Z","timestamp":1737345852000},"page":"122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Enhancing Post-Training Muscle Recovery and Strength in Paralympic Powerlifting Athletes with Cold-Water Immersion, a Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7378-4529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe J.","family":"Aidar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Movement Science, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), S\u00e3o Cristov\u00e3o 49107-230, SE, Brazil"},{"name":"Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports\u2014GEPEPS, The Federal University of Sergipe\u2014UFS, S\u00e3o Cristov\u00e3o 49107-230, SE, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Physiological Science, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), S\u00e3o Cristov\u00e3o 49107-230, SE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9466-3117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W\u00e9lia Yasmin Horacio dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Movement Science, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), S\u00e3o Cristov\u00e3o 49107-230, SE, Brazil"},{"name":"Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports\u2014GEPEPS, The Federal University of Sergipe\u2014UFS, S\u00e3o Cristov\u00e3o 49107-230, SE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2639-5413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saulo da Cunha","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Movement Science, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), S\u00e3o Cristov\u00e3o 49107-230, SE, Brazil"},{"name":"Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports\u2014GEPEPS, The Federal University of Sergipe\u2014UFS, S\u00e3o Cristov\u00e3o 49107-230, SE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5236-3124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alben\u00e1","family":"Nunes-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation and Exercise Immunology Laboratory (LABIIEX), Federal University of Ouro Preto Sports Center, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4147-5614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9rica Leandro Marciano","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Imunologia (ICB\/UFMG), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9884-1187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego Ign\u00e1cio","family":"Valenzuela P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Kinesiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Salud, Magister en Ciencias la Actividad F\u00edsica y Deportes Aplicadas al Entrenamiento Rehabilitaci\u00f3n y Reintegro Deportivo, Universidad Santo Tom\u00e1s, Santiago 4440000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1544-2824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esteban","family":"Aedo-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica, Deportes y Recreaci\u00f3n, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educaci\u00f3n, Santiago 7750332, Chile"},{"name":"Unidad de Ciencias Aplicadas al Deporte, Instituto Nacional de Deporte, Santiago 7750332, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9678-1977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciro Jos\u00e9","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8030-7122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pantelis T.","family":"Nikolaidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, 12241 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, May 30). 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