{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T18:31:11Z","timestamp":1783103471761,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]],"date-time":"2025-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Start-up funds"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba"},{"name":"University of Manitoba"},{"name":"Social Science and Humanities Research Council provided funding for student involvement"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the lives of families worldwide. Findings suggest a substantial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal mental health. Yet, much less is known about the impact of COVID-19 on paternal mental health. This study describes depression and anxiety and risk and protective factors among fathers of young children largely residing in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic. Fathers (N = 70) of children 0 to 8 years old self-reported depression (EPDS, CESD, CESD-R) and anxiety (PASS, GAD-7) symptoms, while mothers (N = 236) provided reports of paternal depressive symptoms using the EPDS-P. Fathers evidenced clinically significant depression (37.1%) and anxiety (22.9%). Linear regression models with significant bivariate correlates indicated that depressive symptoms were associated with a mental health history and experiencing recent stressful events in the past month, while anxiety symptoms were related to mental health history over and above other correlates. Mother-reported paternal depression was prevalent (61.9%) and associated with lower mother-reported marital quality and higher maternal depressive symptoms. Of the fathers reporting clinically significant mental health concerns, less than one-third reported accessing mental health services. Paternal depression and anxiety symptoms were elevated during the pandemic, when compared to pre-pandemic comparisons. The risk and protective factors for paternal depression and anxiety included mental health history, recent stressful events, maternal marital quality, and maternal depressive symptoms. Longitudinal studies evaluating the persistent impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on paternal mental health are needed to inform continued efforts to repair the pandemic\u2019s impact on family wellbeing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22010124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T04:04:12Z","timestamp":1737345852000},"page":"124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Paternal Depression and Anxiety During the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9153-0565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily E.","family":"Cameron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5032-0457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayla M.","family":"Joyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, 190 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Health Psychology, University of Manitoba, 771 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9398-2282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn","family":"Hatherly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, 190 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"},{"name":"School of Communications Science and Disorders, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie E.","family":"Roos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, 190 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, 840 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0Z3, Canada"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, 715 McDermont Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.02.007","article-title":"The parents are not alright: A call for caregiver mental health screening during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"60","author":"Peris","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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