{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:29:39Z","timestamp":1789730979948,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Toronto"},{"name":"University Health Network"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wilderness medicine is a rapidly evolving field and has benefited from expanded research efforts. Moreover, with an escalating occurrence of severe and cataclysmic global climatologic events, human illness arising from interaction with wilderness and recreational environments warrants increasing consideration. Within the last decade, the Wilderness Medical Society (WMS) has aggregated research findings and created guidelines on prevention measures and therapeutic options for acute altitude illness, frostbite injuries, and avalanche and non-avalanche snow burials. As new research emerges, some guidelines have been updated to reflect the most current and sound scientific conclusions. In this review, we have synthesized the evidence-based guidelines and have reviewed the quality of the guidelines according to the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II framework. Further research efforts can expand the scope of evidence-based practice in travel medicine and ideally standardize the implementation of recommendations within both pre-travel and post-travel medical practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22020284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T11:14:41Z","timestamp":1739531681000},"page":"284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["What Is New in Altitude- and Cold-Related Illnesses of Travel: Appraisal and Summary of the Updated Guidelines from the Wilderness Medical Society"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6518-9586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arghavan","family":"Omidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2519-3307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory D.","family":"Hawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan","family":"Kain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada"},{"name":"Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farah","family":"Jazuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milca","family":"Meconnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0022-7149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Polemidiotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nam Phuong","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olamide","family":"Egbewumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Disease Unit, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea K.","family":"Boggild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada"},{"name":"Tropical Disease Unit, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Adventure Travel Trade Association (2019, September 21). 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