{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:44:11Z","timestamp":1790815451752,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Problem: Chronic back pain (CBP) is a major cause of disability, contributing significantly to healthcare costs and primary care visits. Pharmacotherapy alone is insufficient in managing CBP. Integrated behavioral health interventions that include psychoeducation are critical for a more holistic, sustainable treatment of CBP. Objectives: This review explores CBP treatments that includes psychoeducation as part of patient care. Methods: In the Fall of 2024, the first author searched Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus using search terms related to chronic back pain and integrated behavioral interventions to increase patients\u2019 self-efficacy to manage CBP. The team included articles in the review that were published more recently and seminal articles in the field of managing CBP. Results: Given the complex biopsychosocial factors influencing CBP, and the individualized nature of each patient\u2019s pain experience, patient psychoeducation should include a multimodal approach, which may include cognitive behavioral strategies to address pain, pain neuroscience education, and education related to lifestyle behaviors such as physical activity, sleep, nutrition, and stress management. Patient education and behavioral interventions integrated within primary care can significantly improve patient engagement and self-reported improvements in pain intensity, functionality, and quality of life. Conclusion: Psychoeducation is foundational for integrative programs aimed at managing CBP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22020289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T07:48:22Z","timestamp":1739778502000},"page":"289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Integrative Treatment Strategies for Chronic Back Pain: A Literature Review with Clinical Recommendations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4068-959X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina H.","family":"Russin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7678-1008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis M.","family":"Koskan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5913-0999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lesley","family":"Manson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 425 N. 5th St., Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Casiano, V.E., Sarwan, G., Dydyk, A.M., and Varacallo, M. (2024, November 12). Back Pain: Stat Pearls. NCBI Bookshelf. Available online: https:\/\/www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu\/books\/NBK538173\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.543","article-title":"Original Investigation: The rising prevalence of low back pain","volume":"169","author":"Freburger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2010343","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.10343","article-title":"Assessment of primary care clinician concordance with guidelines for use of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with nonspecific low back pain in the Veterans Affairs health system","volume":"3","author":"Barnett","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Waters, H., and Graf, M. (2018). The Costs of Chronic Disease in the U.S., Milken Institute. Available online: https:\/\/milkeninstitute.org\/report\/costs-chronic-disease-us."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e316","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00098-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of low back pain, 1990\u20132020, its attributable risk factors, and projections to 2050: A systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study, 2021","volume":"5","author":"Ferreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30480-X","article-title":"What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention","volume":"391","author":"Hartvigsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2024.09.009","article-title":"Association of aerobic and muscle-strengthening activity with chronic low back pain: Population-based study","volume":"24","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"gbae148","article-title":"Does pain explain trends in disability? An analysis of middle-aged and older US adults 2024, 2002\u20132018","volume":"79","author":"Ruan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13241","article-title":"The clinical course of pain and function in older adults for a new primary care visit for back pain","volume":"63","author":"Rundell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2037371","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.37371","article-title":"Risk factors associated with transition from acute to chronic low back pain in US patients seeking primary care","volume":"4","author":"Stevans","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2009.01.080102","article-title":"Overtreating chronic back pain: Time to back off?","volume":"22","author":"Deyo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Board Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1333","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003572","article-title":"Healthcare resource utilization and management of chronic, refractory low back pain in the United States","volume":"45","author":"Spears","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001098","article-title":"Communication about chronic pain and opioids in primary care: Impact on patient and physician experience","volume":"159","author":"Henry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.20210002","article-title":"Chronic pain, opioid use disorder and clinical management among older adults","volume":"19","author":"Potru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Focus"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2009.00667.x","article-title":"Special issues in the management of chronic pain in older adults","volume":"10","author":"Bruckenthal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.03.023","article-title":"Chronic pain: A review of its epistemology and associated factors in population-based studies","volume":"123","author":"Mills","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Turk, D.C., and Gatchel, R.J. (2018). Biopsychosocial perspective on chronic pain. Psychological Approaches to Pain Management: A Practitioner\u2019s Handbook, Guilford Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00393-7","article-title":"Chronic pain: An update on burden, best practices, and new advances","volume":"397","author":"Cohen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasenbring, M.I., Rusu, A.C., and Turk, D.C. (2012). Defining chronic pain by prognosis. From Acute to Chronic Back Pain: Risk Factors, Mechanisms and Clinical Implications, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199558902.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) (2024, December 11). IASP Terminology. Available online: https:\/\/www.iasp-pain.org\/resources\/terminology\/."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Selye, H. (1956). The Stress of Life, McGraw Hill Publishing."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Melzack, R., and Wall, P.D. (2008). The Challenge of Pain, Penguin."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035514","article-title":"Interdisciplinary chronic pain management, past, present, and future","volume":"69","author":"Gatchel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.46747\/cfp.6701e20","article-title":"PEER systematic review of randomized controlled trials: Management of chronic back pain in primary care","volume":"67","author":"Kolber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30970-9","article-title":"Non-specific low back pain","volume":"389","author":"Maher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"224","article-title":"Effectiveness of primary care interventions using a biopsychosocial approach in chronic low back pain: A systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Huijnen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Pract."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.5694\/mja17.01152","article-title":"Primary care management of non-specific low back pain: Key messages from recent clinical guidelines","volume":"208","author":"Almeida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20100326","article-title":"Embedding psychosocial perspectives within clinical management of low back pain: Integration of psychosocially informed management principles into a physical therapist practice-challenges and opportunities","volume":"91","author":"Foster","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2012.12.010","article-title":"An evidence-based patient-centered method makes the biopsychosocial model scientific","volume":"91","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Patient Educ. Couns."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deer, T.R., Leong, M.S., and Ray, A.L. (2015). Pain as a perceptual experience In Treatment of Chronic Pain by Integrative Approaches: The American Academy of Pain Medicine Textbook on Patient Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1821-8"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker, W.C., Dorflinger, L., Edmond, S.N., Islam, L., Heapy, A., and Fraenkel, L. (2017). Barriers and facilitators of non-pharmacological treatments in chronic pain. BMC Fam. Pract., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-017-0608-2"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3109\/15360288.2015.1063563","article-title":"Operationalizing pain treatment in the biopsychosocial model: Take a daily \u201cSWEM\u201d\u2014Socialize, work, exercise, meditate","volume":"29","author":"Collen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pain Palliat. Care Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deer, T.R., Leong, M.S., and Ray, A.L. (2015). Interdisciplinary functional and restoration pain programs In Treatment of Chronic Pain by Integrative Approaches: The American Academy of Pain Medicine Textbook on Patient Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1821-8"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzaa021","article-title":"Integrating motivational interviewing in pain neuroscience education for people with chronic pain: A practical guide for clinicians","volume":"100","author":"Nijs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-10-00280","article-title":"Why total force fitness?","volume":"175","author":"Jonas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2020.102307","article-title":"Why is exercise prescribed for people with chronic low back pain? A review of the mechanisms of benefit proposed by clinician trialists","volume":"51","author":"Wun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baroncini, A., Maffulli, N., Sch\u00e4fer, L., Manocchio, N., Bossa, M., Foti, C., Klimuch, A., and Migliorini, F. (2024). Physiotherapeutic and non-conventional approaches in patients with chronic low-back pain: A level I Bayesian network meta-analysis. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62276-9"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"LeFort, S., and McGillon, M. (2024, December 09). Successfully Managing Chronic Pain Requires Education and Self-Mastery of Key Skills. Available online: https:\/\/www.iasp-pain.org\/resources\/fact-sheets\/promoting-chronic-pain-self-management-education\/."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2004.01.016","article-title":"Can a patient educational book change behavior and reduce pain in chronic low back pain patients?","volume":"4","author":"Udermann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2011.06.001","article-title":"Education in the management of low back pain: Literature review and recall of key recommendations for practice","volume":"54","author":"Dupeyron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"231","article-title":"The efficacy of psychoeducation in managing low back pain: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Puri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatriki"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2020.07.026","article-title":"Definitions and use of the teach-back method in healthcare consultations with patients: A systematic review and thematic analysis","volume":"104","author":"Shersher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Patient Educ. Couns."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Miller, W.R., and Rollnick, S. (2013). Motivational Interviewing: Helping People Change, Guilford Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2024, December 18). Motivational Interviewing Network of Trainers. Available online: https:\/\/motivationalinterviewing.org\/."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.10.021","article-title":"The efficacy of motivational interviewing in adults with chronic pain: A meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Alperstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827620971547","article-title":"Lifestyle medicine for chronic back pain: An evidence-based approach","volume":"15","author":"Altug","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70048","DOI":"10.1002\/msc.70048","article-title":"Effect of motivational interviewing and exercise on chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Akinrolie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Care"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Beck, A. (1979). Cognitive Therapy and Emotional Disorders, Penguin Books."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maikovich-Fong, A.K. (2019). Cognitive-behavioral interventions for chronic pain. Handbook of Psychosocial Interventions for Chronic Pain: An Evidence-Based Guide, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351164047"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Turk, D.C., and Gatchel, R.J. (2018). A cognitive behavioral perspective on the treatment of individuals experiencing chronic pain. Psychological Approaches to Pain Management: A Practitioner\u2019s Handbook, Guilford Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maikovich-Fong, A.K. (2019). Mindfulness-based interventions for chronic pain. Handbook of Psychosocial Interventions for Chronic Pain: An Evidence-Based Guide, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351164047"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Flor, H., and Turk, D. (2011). Chronic Pain: An Integrated Biobehavioral Approach, IASP Press."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-021-10247-z","article-title":"A comprehensive model of homework in cognitive behavior therapy","volume":"46","author":"Kazantzis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cogn. Theory Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunter, C.L., Goodie, J.L., Oordt, M.S., and Dobmeyer, A.C. (2017). Integrated Behavioral Health in Primary Care: Step-by-Step Guidance for Assessment and Intervention, American Psychological Association. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1037\/0000017-000"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Marchand, S. (2012). The Phenomenon of Pain, IASP Press."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.4700","article-title":"Short- and medium-term effects of a single session of pain neuroscience education on pain and psychological factors in patients with chronic low back pain. A single-blind randomized clinical trial","volume":"28","author":"Garcia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.0492","article-title":"Effect of pain neuroscience education combined with cognition-targeted motor control training on chronic spinal pain: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"75","author":"Malfliet","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1314","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of pain neuroscience education for chronic low back pain: Short-and-long-term outcomes of pain and disability","volume":"23","author":"Wood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Asmundson, G.J., Vlaeyen, J., and Crombez, G. (2022). The object of fear in pain. Understanding and Treating Fear of Pain, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2008.05.002","article-title":"General practitioners\u2019 treatment orientation towards low back pain: Influence on treatment behavior and patient outcome","volume":"13","author":"Sieben","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.03.014","article-title":"Pain-related fear, disability and the fear-avoidance model of chronic pain","volume":"5","author":"Zale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.12.009","article-title":"Fear-avoidance model of chronic musculoskeletal pain: 12 years on","volume":"153","author":"Vlaeyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1080\/09593980902835344","article-title":"Building motivation and sustainability into the prescription and recommendations for physical activity and exercise therapy: The evidence","volume":"25","author":"Rhodes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baroncini, A., Maffulli, N., Pilone, M., Pipino, G., Memminger, M.K., Pappalardo, G., and Migliorini, F. (2024). Prognostic factors in patients undergoing physiotherapy for chronic low back pain: A level I systematic review. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13226864"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Bayles, M.P., and Swank, A.M. (2018). ACSM\u2019s Exercise Testing and Prescription, Wolters Kluwer."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2024, November 14). Exercise is Medicine.org. Exercise is Medicine. Available online: http:\/\/www.exerciseismedicine.org\/about-eim."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.16000","article-title":"The impact of physical pain and depression on sleep quality in older adults with chronic disease","volume":"31","author":"Tsai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181f3bdd5","article-title":"The association between chronic low back pain and sleep: A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Kelly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deer, T.R., Ray, A.L., and Leong, M.S. (2015). Sleep and chronic pain. Treatment of Chronic Pain by Integrative Approaches: The American Academy of Pain Medicine Textbook on Patient Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1821-8"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maikovich-Fong, A.K. (2019). Fibromyalgia and related conditions. Handbook of Psychosocial Interventions for Chronic Pain, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351164047"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12301","DOI":"10.1111\/appy.12301","article-title":"A nonpharmacological approach to improve sleep quality in older adults","volume":"10","author":"Rawtaer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S55598","article-title":"The association between chronic pain and obesity","volume":"14","author":"Okifuji","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e837","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000837","article-title":"Association of chronic spinal pain with diet quality","volume":"5","author":"Zick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2015.69.114-116","article-title":"Low back pain and obesity","volume":"69","author":"Murtezani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Arch."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pzab198","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzab198","article-title":"Obesity hurts: The why and how of integrating weight reduction with chronic pain management","volume":"101","author":"Malfliet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-022-00780-2","article-title":"Major dietary patterns in relation to chronic back pain: A cross-sectional study from the RaNCD cohort","volume":"21","author":"Pasdar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2024, November 13). Eatright.org. Available online: https:\/\/www.eatright.org\/."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"USDA (2024, November 13). My Plate, Available online: https:\/\/www.myplate.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1037\/h0088437","article-title":"Transtheoretical therapy: Toward a more integrative model of change","volume":"19","author":"Prochaska","year":"1982","journal-title":"Psychother. Theory Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deer, T.R., Leong, M.S., and Ray, A.L. (2015). Psychological therapies. Treatment of Chronic Pain by Integrative Approaches: The American Academy of Pain Medicine Textbook on Patient Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1821-8"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maikovich-Fong, A.K. (2019). Brief treatment approaches for addressing chronic pain in primary care settings. Handbook of Psychosocial Interventions for Chronic Pain: An Evidence-Based Guide, Routledge Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351164047"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01243.x","article-title":"The effect of deep and slow breathing on pain perception, autonomic activity, and mood processing- an experimental study","volume":"13","author":"Kern","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-016-9844-2","article-title":"Mindfulness meditation for chronic pain: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Hilton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.578","article-title":"Patients\u2019 perceived level of social isolation affects the prognosis of low back pain","volume":"19","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2021.01.009","article-title":"The role of social isolation in physical and emotional outcomes among patients with chronic pain","volume":"69","author":"Bannon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) (2020). Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Opportunities for the Health Care System, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1037\/h0095065","article-title":"Contrary themes on three peer-run warm lines","volume":"24","author":"Pudlinski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Rehabil. J."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Corso, K.A., Hunter, C.L., Dahl, O., Kallenberg, G.A., and Manson, L. (2016). Integrating Behavioral Health into the Medical Home: A Rapid Implementation Guide, Greenbranch Publishing."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-0985-4","article-title":"Evolving models of integrated behavioral health and primary care","volume":"21","author":"Ramanuj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"274","article-title":"Cost savings associated with an alternative payment model for integrating behavioral health in primary care","volume":"9","author":"Ross","year":"2019","journal-title":"TBM"},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"CMS.gov (2024, December 19). Frequently Asked Questions About Billing Medicare for Behavioral Health Integration (BHI) Services, Available online: https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/medicare\/medicare-fee-for-service-payment\/physicianfeesched\/downloads\/behavioral-health-integration-faqs.pdf."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, P.J., and Reiter, J.T. (2016). Behavioral Consultation and Primary Care: A Guide to Integrating Services, Springer International Publishing. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13954-8"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deer, T.R., Leong, M.S., and Ray, A.L. (2015). The psychological assessment of patients with chronic pain. Treatment of Chronic Pain by Integrative Approaches: The American Academy of Pain Medicine Textbook on Patient Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1821-8"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2015707","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.15707","article-title":"Association Between Positive Results on the Primary Care\u2013Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Screen and Suicide Mortality Among US Veterans","volume":"3","author":"Cooper","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scaer, R. (2014). The Body Bears the Burden: Trauma, Dissociation and Disease, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203081822"},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Turk, D.C., and Gatchel, R.J. (2018). Treating patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic pain. Psychological Approaches to Pain Management: A Practitioner\u2019s Handbook, The Guilford Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104551","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and chronic low back pain in adulthood: The role of emotion regulation","volume":"25","author":"Thomas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s40653-021-00358-w","article-title":"Evidence for revising the adverse childhood experiences screening tool: A scoping review","volume":"15","author":"SmithBattle","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2118495","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.18495","article-title":"Evaluation of a chronic pain screening program implemented in primary care","volume":"4","author":"Bifulco","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05351-6","article-title":"Patient activation as a pathway to shared decision making for adults with diabetes or cardiovascular disease","volume":"35","author":"Poon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-3204.38.4.443","article-title":"Stages of change","volume":"38","author":"Prochaska","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychotherapy"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000497","article-title":"Comparative responsiveness of the PROMIS pain interference short forms, brief pain inventory, PEG, and SF-36 bodily pain subscale","volume":"54","author":"Kean","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-009-0981-1","article-title":"Development and initial validation of the PEG: A three-item scale assessing pain intensity and interference","volume":"24","author":"Krebs","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2003.12.005","article-title":"Validation of the Brief Pain Inventory for chronic nonmalignant pain","volume":"5","author":"Tan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Hasenbring, M.I., Rusu, A.C., and Turk, D.C. (2013). Engaging patients in their own care: The role of education and advice in the prevention of chronic pain disability. From Acute to Chronic Back Pain: Risk Factors, Mechanisms and Clinical Implications, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joypaul, S., Kelly, F., McMillan, S., and King, M. (2019). Multi-disciplinary interventions for chronic pain involving education: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223306"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2004.10.003","article-title":"Chronic neuropathic pain: Issues in patient education","volume":"5","author":"Arnstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain Manag. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e139","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.4932","article-title":"Web-based interventions for chronic back pain: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Garg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/22\/2\/289\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:34:59Z","timestamp":1760027699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/22\/2\/289"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph22020289"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph22020289","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]}}}