{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:55:18Z","timestamp":1760057718106,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute","award":["K01CA251487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01CA251487"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cervical cancer (CC) rates have declined nationally but rates remain high in Black women with most cases occurring among unscreened and under-screened women. This paper describes the adaptation, acceptability, and useability of an education intervention, \u201cHealth is Wealth: A Cervical Health Intervention\u201d, to promote cervical screening and reduce perceived barriers to CC screening among two subgroups of Black women: African American (AA) and sub-Saharan African immigrant (SAI) women. Methods: In this paper, we describe the process of adapting the Health is Wealth intervention using the Barrera and Castro adaptation framework. The iterative adaptation process included formative focus groups (n = 30 participants) to gather information, expert feedback (n = 4), and usability testing (n = 7). Results: The systematic process resulted in the modification of educational intervention components. Several aspects of the intervention were modified, and core elements of the original intervention were preserved. The usability testing findings suggest the intervention would support the objective of promoting cervical cancer screening uptake among AA and SAI women. Conclusions: Adaptation of an evidence-based intervention is necessary to ensure contextually and culturally appropriateness for target populations, particularly for minoritized populations. We demonstrated that an evidence-based intervention for Pap screening can be adapted for HPV-self-sampling promotion with target community input.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22030317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T04:03:17Z","timestamp":1740024197000},"page":"317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["HPV Self-Sampling Promotion Among African American (AA) and Sub-Saharan African (SAI) Immigrant Women: Adaptation and Usability Testing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8764-6589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adebola","family":"Adegboyega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0232, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gia","family":"Mudd-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0232, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4227-6326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy E.","family":"Schoenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2657-6775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Dignan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, August 15). Cancer Facts & Figures for African American\/Black People 2022\u20132024. Atlanta: American Cancer Society. Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/research\/cancer-facts-statistics\/cancer-facts-figures-for-african-americans.html."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group (2021). U.S. Cancer Statistics Data Visualizations Tool, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2024, September 10). Survival Rates for Cervical Cancer, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/types\/cervical\/survival#:~:text=The%205%2Dyear%20relative%20survival%20rates%20for%20cervical%20cancer%20are."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-022-02094-w","article-title":"Offering HPV self-sampling kits: An updated meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies to increase participation in cervical cancer screening","volume":"128","author":"Costa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2024, September 10). Cervical Cancer Screening, Available online: https:\/\/progressreport.cancer.gov\/detection\/cervical_cancer."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.18865\/ed.25.3.373","article-title":"Cardiometabolic Health in African Immigrants to the United States: A Call to Re-examine Research on African-descent populations","volume":"25","author":"Himmelfarb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ethn. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2020.101709","article-title":"Cancer mortality among US blacks: Variability between African Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, and Africans","volume":"66","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-023-01455-8","article-title":"A Cervical Cancer Screening Toolkit for Somali Women: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"25","author":"Ghebrendrias","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immigr. Minor. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.035964","article-title":"Negro, Black, Black African, African Caribbean, African American or what? Labelling African origin populations in the health arena in the 21st century","volume":"59","author":"Agyemang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000422","article-title":"Cervical Cancer Screening Among Women by Birthplace and Percent of Lifetime Living in the United States","volume":"22","author":"Endeshaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Low. Genit. Tract Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-014-9991-0","article-title":"Beyond the black box: A systematic review of breast, prostate, colorectal, and cervical screening among native and immigrant African-descent Caribbean populations","volume":"17","author":"Consedine","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immigr. Minor. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1371","article-title":"Differences in Cervical Cancer Screening Between African-American Versus African-Born Black Women in the United States","volume":"18","author":"Kozhimannil","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immigr. Minor. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-8-30","article-title":"Breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening rates amongst female Cambodian, Somali, and Vietnamese immigrants in the USA","volume":"8","author":"Samuel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Equity Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.101813","article-title":"Cervical cancer screening guidelines and screening practices in 11 countries: A systematic literature review","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001351","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-001351","article-title":"Self-sampling for human papillomavirus (HPV) testing: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Yeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.11.029","article-title":"Introduction of molecular HPV testing as the primary technology in cervical cancer screening: Acting on evidence to change the current paradigm","volume":"98","author":"Tota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2021.1980771","article-title":"Qualitative assessment of attitudes toward cervical cancer (CC) screening and HPV self-sampling among African American (AA) and Sub Saharan African Immigrant (SAI) women","volume":"27","author":"Adegboyega","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ethn. Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecinn.2022.100073","article-title":"Woman-to-woman: Feasibility of a lay health advisor program for cervical cancer education in Grenada, WI","volume":"1","author":"Patterson","year":"2022","journal-title":"PEC Innov."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Sit, J.W., Chan, D.N.S., Akingbade, O., and Chan, C.W. (2022). Educational Interventions to Promote Cervical Cancer Screening among Rural Populations: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116874"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.12985","article-title":"Translating new science into the community to promote opportunities for breast and cervical cancer prevention among African American women","volume":"23","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Expect."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreuter, M.W., Farrell, D.W., Olevitch, L.R., and Brennan, L.K. (2013). Tailoring Health Messages: Customizing Communication with Computer Technology, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315045382"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Glanz, K., Rimer, B.K., and Viswanath, K. (2008). Chapter 8: How individuals, environments, & health behaviours interact: Social cognitive theory. Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice, Jossey-Bass. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Champion, V.L., and Skinner, C.S. (2008). The health belief model. Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice, Jossey-Bass. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30391","article-title":"Addressing multilevel barriers to cervical cancer screening in Korean American women: A randomized trial of a community-based intervention","volume":"123","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2024, August 01). Evidence Based Cancer Control Programs (EBCCP), Available online: https:\/\/ebccp.cancercontrol.cancer.gov\/index.do."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2850.2006.00043.x","article-title":"A heuristic framework for the cultural adaptation of interventions","volume":"13","author":"Barrera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.20247","article-title":"Considerations in determining sample size for pilot studies","volume":"31","author":"Hertzog","year":"2008","journal-title":"Res. Nurs. Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajtas.20160501.11","article-title":"Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling","volume":"5","author":"Etikan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Theor. Appl. Stat."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Creswell, J.W. (2012). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches, Sage."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swain, J. (2018). A Hybrid Approach to Thematic Analysis in Qualitative Research: Using a Practical Example, Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526435477"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3116","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30701","article-title":"Cancer incidence profile in sub-Saharan African-born blacks in the United States: Similarities and differences with US-born non-Hispanic blacks","volume":"123","author":"Medhanie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omenka, O.I., Watson, D.P., and Hendrie, H.C. (2020). Understanding the healthcare experiences and needs of African immigrants in the United States: A scoping review. BMC Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-8127-9"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1007\/s13187-013-0521-x","article-title":"Knowledge and Perspectives of Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Among Female African Immigrants in the Washington D.C. Metropolitan Area","volume":"28","author":"Ndukwe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cancer Educ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.100842","article-title":"Community health workers: Social justice and policy advocates for community health and well-being","volume":"98","author":"Martinez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731514535989","article-title":"Cultural adaptation of interventions in real practice settings","volume":"25","author":"Marsiglia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Work Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2015.03.025","article-title":"Cultural adaptation and implementation of evidence-based parent-training: A systematic review and critique of guiding evidence","volume":"53","author":"Baumann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child. Youth Serv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g5264","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g5264","article-title":"Accuracy of urinary human papillomavirus testing for presence of cervical HPV: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"349","author":"Pathak","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198115610555","article-title":"Adaptation of a cancer clinical trials education program for African American and Latina\/o community members","volume":"43","author":"Pelto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Educ. Behav."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/22\/3\/317\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:38:20Z","timestamp":1760027900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/22\/3\/317"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph22030317"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph22030317","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]}}}