{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T04:05:22Z","timestamp":1776744322273,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CRETE REGION","award":["MIS 5162111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS 5162111"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to explore the prevalence of learning disabilities (LDs) and the emotional\u2013behavioral difficulties in 208 children from the Crete region in Greece, and who voluntarily presented themselves for study and were evaluated by a university-based interdisciplinary team of mental health professionals. The Greek version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2013Fifth Edition (WISC-V GR) was used, with its five Primary Index scores and full-scale IQ (Verbal Comprehension Index, VCI; Visual Spatial Index, VSI; Fluid Reasoning Index, FRI; Working Memory Index, WMI; and Processing Speed, PCI). Five diagnostic categories were established for the purpose of analysis: (a) no LDs (TD group), (b) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), (c) Specific Learning Disabilities (SLDs), (d) Extremely Low FSIQ (below 79), and (e) Emotional\/Behavioral difficulties. The results revealed a 25.5% prevalence of SLDs, 18.75% ADHD, 8.65% Extremely Low FSIQ, and 5.29% emotional\/behavioral problems, suggesting that 58% of the study population struggled with some kind of learning difficulty. Statistically significant differences were observed between the \u201cExtremely Low FSIQ\u201d group, the \u201cSLD\u201d, the \u201cADHD\u201d, and the \u201cTD\u201d diagnostic groups in terms of the \u201cVCI\u201d, \u201cFRI\u201d, and the \u201cFSIQ\u201d scales (p &lt; 0.001). Likewise, the \u201cExtremely Low FSIQ\u201d group differed significantly from the \u201cSLD\u201d and \u201cTD\u201d groups in terms of the \u201cVSI\u201d, the WMI, and the \u201cPSI\u201d (p &lt; 0.001). The \u201cBehavioural\/emotional\u201d and \u201cSLD\u201d groups differed in terms of \u201cVCI\u201d and \u201cFull scale IQ\u201d (p &lt; 0.001). The analysis indicated that the children with severe learning difficulties differed from the other groups in terms of their cognitive profiles and that they needed tailor-made educational programs and interventions in a typical classroom. This study offers comparative data from a community sample of children, as well as generated initial evidence from non-clinical settings on the usability and the diagnostic accuracy of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2013Fifth Edition (WISC-V). Further research is suggested. The present study was funded by the Crete Region (MIS 5162111).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22030377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T03:18:22Z","timestamp":1741144702000},"page":"377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring the Prevalence of Learning Disabilities in a Community Sample of Children Using the Greek Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V GR)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8719-9048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stavroula","family":"Lioliou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Health and Road Safety, Department of Social Work, School of Health Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Herakleion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8417-3934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nektaria","family":"Pedioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Health and Road Safety, Department of Social Work, School of Health Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Herakleion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyriaki","family":"Vagionaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Health and Road Safety, Department of Social Work, School of Health Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Herakleion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Kounali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Health and Road Safety, Department of Social Work, School of Health Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Herakleion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4481-2222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Bitsakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Health and Road Safety, Department of Social Work, School of Health Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Herakleion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Pitsikaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Health and Road Safety, Department of Social Work, School of Health Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Herakleion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6445-9986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Papadakaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Health and Road Safety, Department of Social Work, School of Health Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Herakleion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). 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