{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:01:32Z","timestamp":1760058092396,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]],"date-time":"2025-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010233","name":"Nippon Life Insurance Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-0203-04","42","JP19K19712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-0203-04","42","JP19K19712"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010233","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Gunma Health Foundation R4 Asawo Prize","award":["2020-0203-04","42","JP19K19712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-0203-04","42","JP19K19712"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI","award":["2020-0203-04","42","JP19K19712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-0203-04","42","JP19K19712"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to identify the characteristics of community-dwelling older people who are difficult to reach by mail survey in anticipation of a future infectious disease crisis. A baseline survey of 1808 community-dwelling older people was conducted in May 2021, and a follow-up survey of 935 respondents was conducted in May 2023. Factors predictive of responding to the follow-up survey included age at baseline, sex, comorbidities, living with family, long-term care insurance, a history of falls, the Simple Frailty Index, and a Questionnaire on Changes in Lifestyle in the Past Month (QCL). Participants were divided into the responding (n = 330) and non-responding (n = 605) groups. Binomial logistic regression analysis was used to analyze items that showed significant differences in the between-group comparison: odds ratios (ORs) of 2.36, 1.84, 1.69, 1.57, and 1.20 for living alone, having comorbidities, having long-term care insurance, fatigue, and reduced ability to communicate, respectively. If social distancing is required in the future, we believe that face-to-face support should be prioritized for people who live alone, have comorbidities, use long-term care insurance, or are aware of fatigue and limited communication, as it is highly unlikely that they will be able to continue exchanging written information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22030437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T08:57:02Z","timestamp":1742201822000},"page":"437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characteristics of Community-Dwelling Older People Who Are Less Likely to Respond to Mail Surveys Under Infection Countermeasures for New Strains of Coronavirus: The Takasaki Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0902-0561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akihiko","family":"Murayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Gunma University of Health and Welfare, Maebashi Plaza Genki 21 6-7F, 2-12-1 Hon-machi, Maebashi-shi 371-0023, Gunma, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Higuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Care, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 27 Naka Orui-machi, Takasaki-shi 370-0033, Gunma, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kosuke","family":"Saida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Care, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 27 Naka Orui-machi, Takasaki-shi 370-0033, Gunma, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1012-3736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shigeya","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Care, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 27 Naka Orui-machi, Takasaki-shi 370-0033, Gunma, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4213-6841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoyuki","family":"Shinohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Care, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 27 Naka Orui-machi, Takasaki-shi 370-0033, Gunma, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, January 25). Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Statistics Bureau Home Page: Statistical Topics No. 142 Japan\u2019s Older Adults Seen from Statistics\u2014In Honor of \u201cRespect for the Aged Day\u201d, Available online: https:\/\/www.stat.go.jp\/data\/topics\/pdf\/topics142.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (2025, January 25). Healthy Life Expectancy in 2022 (Reiwa 4), Available online: https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/10904750\/001363069.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607639","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2024.1607639","article-title":"Determinants of Unmet Healthcare Needs During the Final Stage of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights From a 21-Country Online Survey","volume":"69","author":"Lewis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2022.104710","article-title":"Characteristics of community-dwelling older individuals who delayed care during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"101","author":"Na","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"igaa019","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igaa019","article-title":"Understanding and addressing older adults\u2019 needs during COVID-19","volume":"4","author":"Sands","year":"2020","journal-title":"Innov. Aging"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.1661","article-title":"Meeting the care needs of older adults isolated at home during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"180","author":"Steinman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2022.107308","article-title":"Characterizing delayed care among US older adults by self-rated health during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"164","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27550834231202860","DOI":"10.1177\/27550834231202860","article-title":"Pre-pandemic factors associated with delayed health care among US older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"7","author":"Jones","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Access"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17805","article-title":"Delayed medical care and its perceived health impact among US older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"70","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1634-2","article-title":"The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity and new incidence of frailty among initially non-frail older adults in Japan: A follow-up online survey","volume":"25","author":"Yamada","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ataka, T., Kimura, N., Eguchi, A., and Matsubara, E. (2022). Changes in objectively measured lifestyle factors during the COVID-19 pandemic in community-dwelling older adults. BMC Geriatr., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03043-1"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.18695","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Positive Health among older adults in relation to the complexity of health problems","volume":"72","author":"Moens","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S236","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000840","article-title":"The psychological impact of preexisting mental and physical health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Alonzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E694","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200794","article-title":"Baseline characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 admitted to intensive care units in Vancouver, Canada: A case series","volume":"192","author":"Mitra","year":"2020","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e817","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp20X713021","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on loneliness, mental health, and health service utilisation: A prospective cohort study of older adults with multimorbidity in primary care","volume":"70","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.03.050","article-title":"Stress, resilience, and coping strategies in a sample of community-dwelling older adults during COVID-19","volume":"138","author":"Vannini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa153","article-title":"COVID-19 as a stressor: Pandemic expectations, perceived stress, and negative affect in older adults","volume":"76","author":"Whitehead","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2024.102640","article-title":"Homebound older adults who live independently in rural Japan: Prevalence and contributing factors during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"39","author":"Koizumi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"m1543","article-title":"Rapid response: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on frailty in the elderly citizen; corona-frailty","volume":"369","author":"Shinohara","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e040341","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040341","article-title":"Do lifestyle measures to counter COVID-19 affect frailty rates in elderly community dwelling? Protocol for cross-sectional and cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Shinohara","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12917","article-title":"Associated factors of new subjective cognitive decline complaints after a 6-month period among community-dwelling older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan","volume":"23","author":"Tanaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2022.104841","article-title":"Relationship between consistent subjective cognitive decline and occurrence of falls six months later","volume":"104","author":"Tanaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murayama, A., Higuchi, D., Saida, K., Tanaka, S., and Shinohara, T. (2024). Fall risk prediction for community-dwelling older adults: Analysis of assessment scale and evaluation items without actual measurement. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21020224"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2025, January 25). Gunma Prefectural Office: Temporary Press Conference on Requests for Priority Measures Such as Prevention of Spread (May 12). Available online: https:\/\/www.pref.gunma.jp\/site\/chiji\/22640.html."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (2025, January 25). Response to the Novel Coronavirus Infection After Shift to Category 5 Infectious Disease, Available online: https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/stf\/corona5rui.html."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.08.001","article-title":"Predictive value of frailty scores for healthy life expectancy in community-dwelling older Japanese adults","volume":"16","author":"Yamada","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23779608211025117","DOI":"10.1177\/23779608211025117","article-title":"Actual frailty conditions and lifestyle changes in community-dwelling older adults affected by coronavirus disease 2019 countermeasures in Japan: A cross-sectional study","volume":"7","author":"Shinohara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sage Open Nurs."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watanabe, D., Yoshida, T., Watanabe, Y., Yamada, Y., Miyachi, M., and Kimura, M. (2022). Validation of the Kihon Checklist and the frailty screening index for frailty defined by the phenotype model in older Japanese adults. BMC Geriatr., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03177-2"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14005","article-title":"The revised Japanese version of the Cardiovascular Health Study criteria (revised J-CHS criteria)","volume":"20","author":"Satake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","article-title":"Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype","volume":"56","author":"Fried","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2019.11.003","article-title":"The role of nutrition and physical activity in frailty: A review","volume":"35","author":"Coppinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-016-0685-2","article-title":"Impact of cognitive frailty on daily activities in older persons","volume":"20","author":"Shimada","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2014.08.017","article-title":"Physical frailty predicts incident depressive symptoms in elderly people: Prospective findings from the Obu Study of Health Promotion for the Elderly","volume":"16","author":"Makizako","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14092","article-title":"Association between frailty and changes in lifestyle and physical or psychological conditions among older adults affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 countermeasures in Japan","volume":"21","author":"Shinohara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Tierney, N., Cook, D., McBain, M., Fay, C., O\u2019Hara-Wild, M., Hester, J., Smith, L., and Heiss, A. (2024, September 27). Package \u201cnaniar\u201d. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/naniar\/naniar.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"mice: Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R","volume":"45","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"van Buuren, S., Groothuis-Oudshoorn, K., Vink, G., Schouten, R., Robitzsch, A., Rockenschaub, P., Doove, L., Jolani, S., and Moreno-Betancur, M. (2024, September 27). Package \u201cmice\u201d. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/mice\/mice.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067","article-title":"Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice","volume":"30","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780030207","article-title":"Regression modelling strategies for improved prognostic prediction","volume":"3","author":"Harrell","year":"1984","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2012.244","article-title":"Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software \u201cEZR\u201d for medical statistics","volume":"48","author":"Kanda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aggp.2024.100036","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in anxiety and depression and their ameliorating lifestyle factors among community-dwelling older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"1","author":"Maruta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. Plus"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murayama, A., Higuchi, D., Saida, K., Tanaka, S., and Shinohara, T. (2024). Risk factors for falls in community-dwelling older adults during the novel coronavirus pandemic in Japan: A prospective cohort study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21121603"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, September 27). WHO to Identify Pathogens That Could Cause Future Outbreaks and Pandemics. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/21-11-2022-who-to-identify-pathogens-that-could-cause-future-outbreaks-and-pandemics."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2023.103957","article-title":"Age differences in experiencing negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic: A latent class analysis","volume":"96","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-03125-2","article-title":"A 2-year longitudinal study examining the change in psychosocial factors under the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan","volume":"11","author":"Sugaya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.35772\/ghm.2023.01121","article-title":"Japan\u2019s healthcare delivery system: From its historical evolution to the challenges of a super-aged society","volume":"6","author":"Katori","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-023-00864-y","article-title":"The limitations and potentials of evaluating economic aspects of community-based health promotion: A critical review","volume":"22","author":"Weber","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Health Econ. Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.15971","article-title":"Frailty and social isolation before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic among older adults: A path analysis","volume":"80","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12575","DOI":"10.1111\/jjns.12575","article-title":"Depressive symptoms associated with infection prevention measures and daily lifestyle habit characteristics among Japanese community-dwelling older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"21","author":"Hamatani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Nurs. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tokumitsu, K., Sugawara, N., Tabuchi, T., and Yasui-Furukori, N. (2024). Real-world predictors of changes in fear of COVID-19 in the Japanese general population: A large-scale internet-based cohort study with 20,712 participants. BMC Psychiatry, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05899-6"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/22\/3\/437\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:54:37Z","timestamp":1760028877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/22\/3\/437"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph22030437"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph22030437","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]]}}}