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We examined 406 Asian, 1179 Black, 349 Latinx, and 498 White KHANDLE and STAR study participants with data on PCEs, longitudinal cognitive measures, MRI (n = 560), and amyloid PET (n = 281). We conducted mediation and multigroup models within the structural equation modeling framework allowing us to examine the direct association of PCEs with episodic memory level and change as well as the indirect effects of PCEs through education. We additionally conducted linear regressions examining the association of PCEs with MRI and amyloid PET outcomes. Average participant age was 74 (53\u201390) and 62% were female. Overall, PCEs were positively associated with memory intercept and change. Education significantly mediated the association between PCEs and memory intercept. PCEs were not associated with hippocampal volume or amyloid burden in the combined sample or across individual ethnocultural groups. PCEs are positively related to episodic memory through the promotion of educational attainment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22040525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T05:21:04Z","timestamp":1743398464000},"page":"525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Positive Childhood Experiences, Cognition, and Biomarkers of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Joshua H.","family":"Owens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, 1225 Center Dr, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8719-1206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles C.","family":"Windon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, Suite 190, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Mungas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, 4860 Y St., Suite 3900, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Whitmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Oakland, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Gilsanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Oakland, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9481-7497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Manly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, P&S Box 16, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Maria","family":"Glymour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e042125","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042125","article-title":"Are adverse childhood experiences associated with late-life cognitive performance across racial\/ethnic groups: Results from the Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences study baseline","volume":"11","author":"Gold","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2553","article-title":"Adverse childhood environment and late-life cognitive functioning","volume":"26","author":"Ritchie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. 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