{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:59:45Z","timestamp":1791291585573,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer is one of the leading causes of global morbidity and mortality and one of the most challenging global health conditions, impacting the lives of millions every year. The Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) is not on track to achieve the sustainable development goal (SDG) target 3.4 which aims to reduce premature mortality (i.e., before the age of 70 years) for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cancer, by a third by year 2030; instead, it is projected that the EMR will experience the least progress towards achieving this target. This review therefore highlights the importance of context-specific cancer management, with a focus on nutritional, lifestyle and supportive care, in the EMR. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar, as well as the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and key oncology institutes. Nutritional and lifestyle management is a fundamental aspect of cancer care which should be context-specific, achievable and individualized to minimize symptoms and side effects, while maximizing benefits and better addressing the needs of the patients with cancer. A multidisciplinary approach that integrates medical, nutritional, psychological and palliative care is essential to address this growing issue effectively. Cancer care and management requires coordinated efforts from policymakers, healthcare providers and communities to implement evidence-based interventions and promote cancer awareness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22040639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T06:23:56Z","timestamp":1744957436000},"page":"639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Review on the Multidisciplinary Approach for Cancer Management in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: A Focus on Nutritional, Lifestyle and Supportive Care"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7387-8277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayoub","family":"Al-Jawaldeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Health Organization, Cairo 7608, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmus","family":"Hammerich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Health Organization, Cairo 7608, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faisal","family":"Abdulghafar Aldayel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saudi Public Health Authority, Riyadh 13352, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2264-8604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Troisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Health Organization, Cairo 7608, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanin","family":"Al-Jawaldeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Action Against Hunger, Amman 11191, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7137-1955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Aguenaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, International University of Rabat, Rabat 11103, Morocco"},{"name":"Regional Designated Center of Nutrition, AFRA\/International Atomic Energy Agency, Kenitra 14000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2922-8354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heba","family":"Alsawahli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Health Organization, Cairo 7608, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibtihal","family":"Fadhil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NCD Alliance, Kuwait City 26733, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7992-8087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imen","family":"Sohaibani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saudi Public Health Authority, Riyadh 13352, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8715-455X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jalila","family":"El Ati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SURVEN (Nutrition Surveillance and Epidemiology in Tunisia) Research Laboratory, INNTA (National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology), Tunis 1007, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1604-3529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihan","family":"Azar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Health Organization, Cairo 7608, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7524-5171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lamia","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Health Organization, Cairo 7608, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Barbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Department, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3090-7020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid","family":"Mqbel Alkhalaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saudi Public Health Authority, Riyadh 13352, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahla","family":"Gafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Health Organization, Cairo 7608, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taghreed","family":"Mohammed Alghaith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saudi Public Health Authority, Riyadh 13352, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaynab","family":"Mahdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Health Organization, Cairo 7608, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0400-3319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mandy","family":"Taktouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, April 21). Cancer: Key Facts. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/cancer."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2024, April 23). About Cancer: Understanding Cancer. What Is Cancer?, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/understanding\/what-is-cancer."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S1055-3207(18)30088-7","article-title":"The cancer cachexia syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Fearon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Surg. Oncol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533617722986","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: Cause, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"32","author":"Mattox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mbemi, A., Khanna, S., Njiki, S., Yedjou, C.G., and Tchounwou, P.B. (2020). Impact of gene\u2013environment interactions on cancer development. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17218089"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marino, P., Mininni, M., Deiana, G., Marino, G., Divella, R., Bochicchio, I., Giuliano, A., Lapadula, S., Lettini, A.R., and Sanseverino, F. (2024). Healthy lifestyle and cancer risk: Modifiable risk factors to prevent cancer. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16060800"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"World Cancer Research Fund, and American Institute for Cancer Research (2007). The Cancer Process. Chapter 2 in Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective, American Institute for Cancer Research."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/13813450801954303","article-title":"Obesity and cancer: Pathophysiological and biological mechanisms","volume":"114","author":"Renehan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, April 21). Cancer Prevention. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/item\/cancer-prevention."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2025, March 31). Cancer-Causing Substances in the Environment, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/causes-prevention\/risk\/substances."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"World Cancer Research Fund, and American Institute for Cancer Research (2018). Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Cancer: A Global Perspective, American Institute for Cancer Research."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Cancer Research UK (2024, October 25). Types of Cancer. Available online: https:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/about-cancer\/what-is-cancer\/how-cancer-starts\/types-of-cancer."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2024, October 25). Cancer Classification, Available online: https:\/\/training.seer.cancer.gov\/disease\/categories\/classification.html."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21763","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2023","volume":"73","author":"Siegel","year":"2023","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Fletcher, C., Bridge, J., and Hoegendoorn, P. (2020). World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone Tumours, World Health Organization. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra052603","article-title":"Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"354","author":"Pui","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Swerdlow, S., Campo, E., Harris, N., Jaffe, E., Pileri, S., Stein, H., and Thiele, J. (2017). WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, World Health Organization. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1011442","article-title":"Multiple myeloma","volume":"364","author":"Palumbo","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab106","article-title":"The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: A summary","volume":"23","author":"Louis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1400972","article-title":"Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children","volume":"373","author":"Hunger","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21693","article-title":"Brain and other central nervous system tumor statistics, 2021","volume":"71","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1531","article-title":"Osteosarcoma incidence and survival rates from 1973 to 2004: Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program","volume":"115","author":"Mirabello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Interdiscip Int. J. Am. Cancer Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"75","article-title":"Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: Biology and therapeutic implications of genomic variants","volume":"62","author":"Tarlock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Raymond, J., and Morrow, K. (2023). Chapter 36: Medical Nutrition Therapy for Cancer Prevention, Treatment, and Survivorship. Krause and Mahan\u2019s Food and the Nutrition Care Process, Elsevier. [16th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer and World Health Organization (2025, January 26). GLOBOCAN Cancer Today. Available online: https:\/\/gco.iarc.fr\/today\/en."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer and World Health Organization (2025, March 31). GLOBOCAN Cancer Tomorrow. Available online: https:\/\/gco.iarc.fr\/tomorrow\/en."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, March 17). SDG Target 3.4. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/topics\/indicator-groups\/indicator-group-details\/GHO\/sdg-target-3.4-noncommunicable-diseases-and-mental-health."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). WHO Report on Cancer: Setting Priorities, Investing Wisely and Providing Care for All, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"United Nations (2015). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jawhari, B., Ludwick, D., Keenan, L., Zakus, D., and Hayward, R. (2016). Benefits and challenges of EMR implementations in low resource settings: A state-of-the-art review. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-016-0354-8"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gafer, N., Gebre, N., Jabeen, I., Ashrafizadeh, H., Rassouli, M., and Mahmoud, L. (2024). A model for integrating palliative care into Eastern Mediterranean health systems with a primary care approach. BMC Palliat. Care, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-024-01590-5"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2024, April 16). Cancer Treatment: Types of Cancer Treatment, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/types."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"lgx016","article-title":"Integrating complementary and traditional practices in Middle-Eastern supportive cancer care","volume":"2017","author":"Samuels","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vii5","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdt267","article-title":"Promoting new approaches for cancer care in the Middle East","volume":"24","author":"Silbermann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Mayoclinic (2024, November 07). Cancer: Diagnosis. Available online: https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/cancer\/diagnosis-treatment\/drc-20370594."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024, November 07). Cancer Treatments, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/cancer-survivors\/patients\/treatments.html."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"American Cancer Society (2024, November 07). How Treatment Is Planned and Scheduled. Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/managing-cancer\/making-treatment-decisions\/planning-scheduling-treatment.html."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Felice, F., Malerba, S., Nardone, V., Salvestrini, V., Calomino, N., Testini, M., Boccardi, V., Desideri, I., Gentili, C., and De Luca, R. (2025). Progress and Challenges in Integrating Nutritional Care into Oncology Practice: Results from a National Survey on Behalf of the NutriOnc Research Group. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17010188"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2018.02.010","article-title":"Closing the Gap in Nutrition Care at Outpatient Cancer Centers: Ongoing Initiatives of the Oncology Nutrition Dietetic Practice Group","volume":"118","author":"Trujillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.018838","article-title":"Individualized nutrition intervention is of major benefit to colorectal cancer patients: Long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of nutritional therapy","volume":"96","author":"Ravasco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"234","article-title":"Does dietary counseling improve quality of life in cancer patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Halfdanarson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Support. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0000000000000016","article-title":"Nutritional counseling and nutritional supplements: A cornerstone of multidisciplinary cancer care for cachectic patients","volume":"7","author":"Isenring","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Support. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-009-0717-0","article-title":"Early nutritional intervention improves treatment tolerance and outcomes in head and neck cancer patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy","volume":"18","author":"Paccagnella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9184","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of the implementation of an enhanced recovery protocol for colorectal surgery","volume":"100","author":"Roulin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.06.012","article-title":"Effect of nutritional interventions on nutritional status, quality of life and mortality in patients with head and neck cancer receiving (chemo) radiotherapy: A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Langius","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.07.015","article-title":"ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients","volume":"36","author":"Arends","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8575","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol30090622","article-title":"Post-Operative Care of the Cancer Patient: Emphasis on Functional Recovery, Rapid Rescue, and Survivorship","volume":"30","author":"West","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.005","article-title":"ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical Nutrition in cancer","volume":"40","author":"Muscaritoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2022). Nutrition Care Manual. Oncology: Oncology General Guidance, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2025, January 26). Cancer Therapy Interactions with Foods and Dietary Supplements (PDQ\u00ae)\u2013Health Professional Version, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/cam\/hp\/dietary-interactions-pdq."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2024, November 09). Weight Changes, Malnutrition, and Cancer, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/side-effects\/appetite-loss."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2024, November 14). Nutrition During Cancer Treatment, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/side-effects\/nutrition."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1017\/S002966511500419X","article-title":"Cancer-associated malnutrition, cachexia and sarcopenia: The skeleton in the hospital closet 40 years later","volume":"75","author":"Ryan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djad079","article-title":"The Pathways to Prevention program: Nutrition as prevention for improved cancer outcomes","volume":"115","author":"Hiatt","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2024, November 09). Nutrition in Cancer Care (PDQ\u00ae)\u2013Health Professional Version, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/side-effects\/appetite-loss\/nutrition-hp-pdq#:~:text=Maintain%20weight.,Produce%20better%20surgical%20outcomes."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"American Cancer Society (2024, November 09). Benefits of Good Nutrition During Cancer Treatment. Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/survivorship\/coping\/nutrition\/benefits.html."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravasco, P. (2019). Nutrition in cancer patients. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8081211"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misi\u0105g, W., Piszczyk, A., Szyma\u0144ska-Chabowska, A., and Chabowski, M. (2022). Physical activity and cancer care\u2014A review. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14174154"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"740","article-title":"Functional foods and their role in cancer prevention and health promotion: A comprehensive review","volume":"7","author":"Aghajanpour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, S.R., and Siddiqua, T.J. (2020). Functional foods in cancer prevention and therapy: Recent epidemiological findings. Funct. Foods Cancer Prev. Ther., 405\u2013433.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816151-7.00020-X"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Patton, A., and Williams, E. (2021). Nutrition support in the oncology setting. Oncology for Clinical Practice, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doley, J. (2022). Enteral nutrition overview. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112180"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berlana, D. (2022). Parenteral nutrition overview. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214480"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2017). Pediatric Nutrition Care Manual. Oncology: Nutrition Support, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.5114\/pg.2015.48997","article-title":"Enteral feeding and its impact on the gut immune system and intestinal mucosal barrier","volume":"10","author":"Szefel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Cleveland Clinic (2024, June 09). Tube Feeding (Enteral Nutrition). Available online: https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/treatments\/21098-tube-feeding--enteral-nutrition."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Cleveland Clinic (2024, June 09). Parenteral Nutrition. Available online: https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/treatments\/22802-parenteral-nutrition."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Coble Voss, A., and Williams, V. (2021). Chapter 15: Medical nutrition therapy for hematopoietc cell transplantation. Oncology Nutrition for Clinical Practice, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.12788\/jhm.2985","article-title":"Things we do for no reason: Neutropenic diet","volume":"13","author":"Wolfe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2006). Five Keys to Safer Food Manual, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024, April 07). Food Safety, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/foodsafety\/."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services (2024, April 07). Food Safety, Available online: https:\/\/www.foodsafety.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024, April 07). Healthy Water, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthywater\/."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2018). General Cooking and Food Safety Tips for Cancer, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (2020). Food Safety: For Older Adults and People with Cancer, Diabetes, HIV\/AIDS, Organ Transplants, and Autoimmune Diseases."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition Care Manual. Oncology: Side Effect Management. Neutropenia: Nutrition Intervention, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Available online: https:\/\/www-nutritioncaremanual-org.ezproxy.aub.edu.lb\/topic.cfm?ncm_category_id=1&lv1=22938&lv2=145087&lv3=145148&ncm_toc_id=145148&ncm_heading=Nutrition%20Care."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Grant, B.L. (2010). American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Nutrition for Cancer Survivors: Eating Well, Staying Well During and After Cancer, American Cancer Society. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2018). Eating Hints: Before, During and After Cancer Treatment."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Elliott, L. (2013). Symptom management of cancer therapies. Oncology Nutrition for Clinical Practice, Oncology Nutrition Dietetic Practice Group of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Library (2024, March 22). ONC: Executive Summary of Recommendations. Available online: https:\/\/www.andeal.org\/topic.cfm?menu=5291&cat=5067&ref=E62F2E2D246161DD51AD8B609D4CF7D6D3BF6D6B1A5681E46B3F3CFD42C19974FF33B10EF1662B4980046CA9A25E9C0CA0B7C84D0C1C60A1."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2018). Managing Side Effects of Cancer and Treatment, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2022). Nutrition Care Manual. Maximizing Nutrition During Cancer Treatment, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Levin, R. (2021). Managing nutrition impact symptoms of cancer treatment. Oncology for Clinical Practice, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2024, April 16). Cancer Treatment: Side Effects of Cancer Treatment, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/side-effects."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2024, June 05). Cancer Treatment: Side Effects of Cancer Treatment\u2014Appetite Loss: Nutrition in Cancer Care (PDQ\u00ae)\u2013Health Professional Version, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/side-effects\/appetite-loss\/nutrition-hp-pdq#cit\/section_3.5."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition Care Manual. Oncology: Side Effect Management. Nausea and Vomiting: Medical Treatment of Nausea and Vomiting, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Available online: https:\/\/www-nutritioncaremanual-org.ezproxy.aub.edu.lb\/topic.cfm?ncm_category_id=1&lv1=22938&lv2=145087&lv3=145147&ncm_toc_id=270168&ncm_heading=Nutrition%20Care."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition Care Manual. Oncology: Side Effect Management. Nausea and Vomiting: Nutrition Intervention, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Available online: https:\/\/www-nutritioncaremanual-org.ezproxy.aub.edu.lb\/topic.cfm?ncm_category_id=1&lv1=22938&lv2=145087&lv3=145147&ncm_toc_id=270171&ncm_heading=Nutrition%20Care."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition Care Manual. Nausea and Vomiting Nutrition Therapy, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Available online: https:\/\/www-nutritioncaremanual-org.ezproxy.aub.edu.lb\/client_ed.cfm?ncm_client_ed_id=23."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2018). Nausea and Vomiting Nutrition Therapy, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2024, April 17). Cancer Treatment: Side Effects of Cancer Treatment\u2014Nausea and Vomiting, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/side-effects\/nausea-vomiting."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition Care Manual. Oncology: Side Effect Management. Diarrhea: Nutrition Intervention, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Available online: https:\/\/www-nutritioncaremanual-org.ezproxy.aub.edu.lb\/topic.cfm?ncm_category_id=1&lv1=22938&lv2=145087&lv3=145142&ncm_toc_id=270118&ncm_heading=Nutrition%20Care."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2018). Diarrhea, Bloating, and Stomach Cramps Nutrition Therapy, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2024, April 16). Cancer Treatment: Side Effects of Cancer Treatment\u2014Diarrhea: Cancer Treatment Side Effect, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/side-effects\/diarrhea."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2018). Nutrition Care Manual. Diarrhea Nutrition Therapy, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2024, April 17). Cancer Treatment: Side Effects of Cancer Treatment\u2014Mouth and Throat Problems: Cancer Treatment Side Effects, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/side-effects\/mouth-throat."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition Care Manual. Oncology: Side Effect Management. Fatigue: Nutrition Intervention, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Available online: https:\/\/www-nutritioncaremanual-org.ezproxy.aub.edu.lb\/topic.cfm?ncm_category_id=1&lv1=22938&lv2=145087&lv3=145145&ncm_toc_id=270130&ncm_heading=Nutrition%20Care."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2024, April 17). Cancer Treatment: Side Effects of Cancer Treatment\u2014Cancer Fatigue, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/side-effects\/fatigue."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Nutrition Care Manual. Oncology: Side Effect Management. Taste and Smell Alterations: Physical Observations, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Available online: https:\/\/www-nutritioncaremanual-org.ezproxy.aub.edu.lb\/topic.cfm?ncm_category_id=1&lv1=22938&lv2=145087&lv3=145152&ncm_toc_id=270175&ncm_heading=Nutrition%20Care."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2018). Altered Taste and Smell Nutrition Therapy, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2024, April 10). Nutrition Care Manual. Oncology: Side Effect Management. Xerostomia: Nutrition Intervention, Available online: https:\/\/www-nutritioncaremanual-org.ezproxy.aub.edu.lb\/topic.cfm?ncm_category_id=1&lv1=22938&lv2=145087&lv3=145155&ncm_toc_id=270186&ncm_heading=Nutrition%20Care."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2024, April 10). Nutrition Care Manual. Oncology: Side Effect Management. Dysphagia: Nutrition Intervention, Available online: https:\/\/www-nutritioncaremanual-org.ezproxy.aub.edu.lb\/topic.cfm?ncm_category_id=1&lv1=22938&lv2=145087&lv3=145143&ncm_toc_id=270126&ncm_heading=Nutrition%20Care."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott\u00e9, F., Taylor, A., and Davies, A. (2023). Supportive care: The \u201cKeystone\u201d of modern oncology practice. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15153860"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2020.07.020","article-title":"Supportive care: An indispensable component of modern oncology","volume":"32","author":"Berman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, April 21). Palliative Care: Key Facts. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/item\/palliative-care."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health and National Cancer Institute (2024, March 17). Palliative Care in Cancer, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/advanced-cancer\/care-choices\/palliative-care-fact-sheet."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care (2024, June 30). Palliative Care Definition. Available online: https:\/\/hospicecare.com\/what-we-do\/projects\/consensus-based-definition-of-palliative-care\/definition\/."},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"Trentham, K. (2013). Nutritional management of oncology patients in palliative and hospice settings. Oncology Nutrition for Clinical Practice, Oncology Nutrition Dietetic Practice Group of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2024, November 06). Psychosocial Support Options for People with Cancer. Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/survivorship\/coping\/understanding-psychosocial-support-services.html."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1177\/00302228221085468","article-title":"An integrative review of Interprofessional teamwork and required competence in specialized palliative care","volume":"89","author":"Kesonen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.12.004","article-title":"Nutritional support at the end of life","volume":"31","author":"Orrevall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/22\/4\/639\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:17:13Z","timestamp":1760030233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/22\/4\/639"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph22040639"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph22040639","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]}}}