{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:30:01Z","timestamp":1777501801759,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aims and Objectives: The present study aimed to examine the effects of 6 months of unsupervised training, walking at maximal fat oxidation (FATmax), on body composition and cardiovascular function at rest and exercise, in middle aged obese subjects. Methods and results: A single group with pre-test\/post-test study design was conducted. Eighteen obese subjects (11 males and 7 females) over 45 were engaged in a non-supervised walking training for 6 months, 40 min, 3 times per week, at the targeted HR corresponding to FATmax (5.5 \u00b1 0.6 km\u00b7h\u22121). This training modality led to a reduction in obesity-related indicators among participants, including weight (\u22123.7 \u00b1 3.4 kg), BMI (\u22121.4 \u00b1 1.3 kg\/m2), waist circumference (\u22125.6 \u00b1 4.7 cm), and body fat percentage (\u22122.1 \u00b1 2.7%). However, we observed a great variability in this response to training according to individuals. Furthermore, heart rate and rate of pressure product (RPP) at rest significantly decreased (6% and 11% respectively) as well as the cardiac load during exercise (RPP \u221211% and cardiac cost \u22128%) after training. In conclusion, walking at FATmax is an efficient non-supervised training modality, allowing improvement in both body parameters and cardiovascular markers at rest and during exercise in middle age obese subjects. Even if body parameter changes were modest, the cardiac load decrease is an important factor for reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22050701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T20:42:37Z","timestamp":1746391357000},"page":"701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cardiovascular, Hemodynamic, and Anthropometric Adaptations Induced by Walking Training at FATmax in Obese Males and Females over 45 Years Old"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4612-0502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurence","family":"Mille-Hamard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Biologie Int\u00e9grative des Adapations \u00e0 l\u2019Exercice (UBIAE), EA 1374, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Evry-Paris Saclay, 91000 Evry-Courcouronnes, France"},{"name":"Informatique, Bio-Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Complexes (IBISC), EA 4526, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 91020 Evry, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2562-252X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iman","family":"Momken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Biologie Int\u00e9grative des Adapations \u00e0 l\u2019Exercice (UBIAE), EA 1374, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Evry-Paris Saclay, 91000 Evry-Courcouronnes, France"},{"name":"INSERM UMR-S 1180, Facult\u00e9 de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Koralsztein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Billatraining, 91840 Soisy sur Ecole, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6085-998X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e9ronique Louise","family":"Billat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Biologie Int\u00e9grative des Adapations \u00e0 l\u2019Exercice (UBIAE), EA 1374, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Evry-Paris Saclay, 91000 Evry-Courcouronnes, France"},{"name":"Informatique, Bio-Informatique et Syst\u00e8mes Complexes (IBISC), EA 4526, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 91020 Evry, France"},{"name":"EA 4445-Movement, Balance, Performance, and Health Laboratory, Universit\u00e9 de Pau et des Pays de l\u2019Adour, 65000 Tarbes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02750-2","article-title":"Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: A pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"403","author":"Phelps","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2025, February 20). 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