{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T08:00:31Z","timestamp":1787731231062,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"College of Nursing, QU Health Sector, Qatar University, Qatar","award":["QF-QBB-RES-ACC-240224092809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QF-QBB-RES-ACC-240224092809"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004252","name":"Qatar University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QF-QBB-RES-ACC-240224092809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QF-QBB-RES-ACC-240224092809"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Depression is a mood disorder that is highly prevalent and is characterized by cognitive, emotional, and physical symptoms. This study aimed to describe the physical health status of individuals with depressive symptoms in Qatar and examine the relationships between physical health indicators and depressive symptoms. A cross-sectional correlational design was used, and data were extracted from the Qatar Biobank. Depression was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The physical health measurements included heart rate, blood pressure, lung capacity, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, and a self-reported questionnaire. The sample included 687 participants with an average age of 35.39 \u00b1 9.82 years old. The comorbidities reported by participants included diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia, and their prevalence ranged from 10 to 26.2%. The BMI data revealed that 38.6% of the participants were either overweight or obese. Approximately 29% of females and 22% of males had an abnormally high waist-to-hip ratio. The percentage of individuals who complained of recurrent chest pain, headache\/migraine, or body pain ranged between 12.2 and 43.2%. The mean score of the PHQ-9 was 10.07 \u00b1 4.05, and 43.1% of the sample reported having moderate to severe depression. Several factors were significantly related to depression scores: heart rate, waist-to-hip ratio, headache\/migraine, chest pain, body pain, and recent weight change. Healthcare professionals should screen individuals for both depressive symptoms and physical symptoms. This may help in the earlier detection of mental illness and\/or physical disease, and thus may ensure better recovery or prognosis and may prevent serious complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22050726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T20:42:37Z","timestamp":1746391357000},"page":"726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Physical Health Among Adults with Depressive Symptoms in Qatar: Findings from Qatar Biobank Population-Based Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7743-4438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Aldalaykeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, QU Health Sector, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7193-835X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad H.","family":"Abu Raddaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, QU Health Sector, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fadwa","family":"Alhalaiqa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, QU Health Sector, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7948-1190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waqas","family":"Sami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, QU Health Sector, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7515-3026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fadi","family":"Khraim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, QU Health Sector, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Santrock, J.W. (2022). A Topical Approach to Human Life-Span Development, McGraw Hill. [11th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Frankel, R.M., Quill, T.E., and McDaniel, S.H. (2003). The Biopsychosocial Approach: Past, Present, Future, University of Rochester Press."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Townsend, M., and Morgan, K. (2018). Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing: Concepts of Care in Evidence-Based Practice, F. A. Davis. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.]. text rev.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, January 22). Depressive Disorder (Depression). 2023. Retrieved January 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/depression."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.04.056","article-title":"Prevalence and potential determinants of subthreshold and major depression in the general population of Qatar","volume":"252","author":"Khaled","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bawadi, H., Al-Shahwani, A., Arafeh, D., Al-Asmar, D., Moawad, J., Shi, Z., and Daher-Nashif, S. (2021). Depressive Symptoms among Patients with Diabetes in Qatar: Frequency and Potential Determinants. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9030302"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajmo.2022.100014","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of depression among patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus attending family medicine clinics in Qatar","volume":"9","author":"Ismail","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Open"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"5533416","article-title":"Prevalence of Depression and Sleep Disorders in Patients on Dialysis: A Cross-Sectional Study in Qatar","volume":"2021","author":"Elshirbeny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1317","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001317","article-title":"Prevalence of Depression in Patients With Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37579-6","article-title":"Associations between mental health, blood pressure and the development of hypertension","volume":"14","author":"Schaare","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-024-01790-9","article-title":"Depressive symptoms as risk factors for the onset of home hypertension: A prospective cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Tokioka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theofilou, P. (2023). Physical Disease: A Crucial Research Area in the Context of Quality of Life and Mental Health. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10061062"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.08.001","article-title":"The bidirectional relationship of depression and diabetes: A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Renn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Weber, J.R., and Kelly, J.H. (2022). Health Assessment in Nursing, Wolters Kluwer. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldofski, S., Mauche, N., Dogan-Sander, E., Bot, M., Brouwer, I.A., Paans, N.P.G., Cabout, M., Gili, M., van Grootheest, G., and Hegerl, U. (2019). Depressive Symptom Clusters in Relation to Body Weight Status: Results From Two Large European Multicenter Studies. Front. Psychiatry, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00858"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, K.W., and Jeon, H.J. (2020). Heart Rate Variability for the Prediction of Treatment Response in Major Depressive Disorder. Front. Psychiatry, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00607"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.12.110","article-title":"Association between depressive symptoms and lung function in the United States adults without pulmonary diseases: A cross-sectional study from NHANES","volume":"325","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tkachev, A., Stekolshchikova, E., Golubova, A., Serkina, A., Morozova, A., Zorkina, Y., Riabinina, D., Golubeva, E., Ochneva, A., and Savenkova, V. (2024). Screening for depression in the general population through lipid biomarkers. EbioMedicine, 110.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105455"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endmts.2023.100141","article-title":"Association of new obesity markers with symptoms of depression: Analysis of a 4-year Peruvian national survey","volume":"13","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02471.x","article-title":"Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: A review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence","volume":"190","author":"Clarke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.06.009","article-title":"Multimorbidity and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"221","author":"Read","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e300870","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjment-2023-300870","article-title":"Relationship between severe mental illness and physical multimorbidity: A meta-analysis and call for action","volume":"26","author":"Pizzol","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/15412555.2023.2200826","article-title":"The Relationship between Physical Activity, Depression and Anxiety in People with COPD: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses","volume":"20","author":"Selzler","year":"2023","journal-title":"COPD"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capobianco, L., Faija, C., Husain, Z., and Wells, A. (2020). Metacognitive beliefs and their relationship with anxiety and depression in physical illnesses: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238457"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz084","article-title":"Qatar Biobank Cohort Study: Study Design and First Results","volume":"188","author":"Fthenou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power-analysis program for the social, behavioral and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2190\/XTDD-8L18-P9E0-JYRV","article-title":"Screening for somatization and depression in Saudi Arabia: A validation study of the PHQ in primary care","volume":"32","author":"Becker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychiatry Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-004-0835-4","article-title":"Detection of somatization and depression in primary care in Saudi Arabia","volume":"39","author":"Becker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"948","article-title":"Screening of depression among patients in Family Medicine","volume":"32","author":"Abdelwahid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-017-0155-1","article-title":"An arabic translation, reliability, and validation of Patient Health Questionnaire in a Saudi sample","volume":"16","author":"AlHadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2014.09.009","article-title":"A diagnostic meta-analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) algorithm scoring method as a screen for depression","volume":"37","author":"Manea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2015.1008568","article-title":"Which instruments to support diagnosis of depression have sufficient accuracy? A systematic review","volume":"69","author":"Pettersson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2007.06.004","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the mood module of the Patient Health Questionnaire: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Wittkampf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborators (2023). Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 402, 203\u2013234."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.36347\/sjams.2021.v09i12.008","article-title":"Prevalence of Hypertension among the Adult Population in Qatar: A Literature Review","volume":"9","author":"Hameed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sch. J. Appl. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04247-8","article-title":"Salivary microbiome and hypertension in the Qatari population","volume":"21","author":"Murugesan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, October 15). Hypertension Qatar 2023 Country Profile. 2023. Retrieved October 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/hypertension-qat-2023-country-profile."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noh, J.W., Kwon, Y.D., Park, J., and Kim, J. (2015). Body mass index and depressive symptoms in middle aged and older adults. BMC Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1663-z"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Heer, E.W., Gerrits, M.M., Beekman, A.T., Dekker, J., van Marwijk, H.W., de Waal, M.W., Spinhoven, P., Penninx, B.W., and van der Feltz-Cornelis, C.M. (2014). The association of depression and anxiety with pain: A study from NESDA. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106907"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719001351","article-title":"A meta-analysis of heart rate variability in major depression","volume":"49","author":"Koch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/22\/5\/726\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:26:19Z","timestamp":1760030779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/22\/5\/726"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph22050726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph22050726","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]}}}