{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:40:15Z","timestamp":1792806015275,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Low back pain (LBP) and musculoskeletal disorders are highly prevalent among agricultural workers. However, there is limited epidemiological evidence from rural regions of Ecuador, where working and living conditions may differ substantially from those in other settings. This study aimed to identify predictors of LBP among farmers in rural Ecuador to inform locally relevant prevention strategies. Methods: Participants aged 30 to 60 years (n = 103) were recruited through a traveling health clinic. Participants were assessed with behavioral and sociodemographic self-report questionnaires and anthropometric measurements. Low back pain (LBP) was assessed using the Standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, which asked about symptoms experienced in the past 12 months. Bivariate (Chi-square and Fisher exact tests) and multivariate (binary logistic regression) analyses were conducted to explore associations between risk factors and LBP in individuals aged 30 to 60 years. Results: LBP was highly prevalent, affecting 78.6% of participants. Behavioral patterns were mixed, with low rates of smoking and moderate alcohol and coffee consumption associated with LBP. A normal body mass index (BMI) was observed in 66% of the sample, and over half reported stable mood and good self-perceived health. In the binary logistic regression analysis, only education level significantly predicted LBP, with secondary education acting as a protective factor. Conclusions: While lower back pain was widespread in the population studied, most risk factors that were analyzed were not significantly associated with its presence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22060885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T03:57:18Z","timestamp":1748923038000},"page":"885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Predictors of Low Back Pain Risk Among Farmers in Rural Communities of Loja, Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Isabel","family":"Masson Palacios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, de la Salud y la Vida, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito 170150, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0677-0356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Israel","family":"Vinueza-Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Enfermer\u00eda, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Salud en Am\u00e9rica Latina (CISeAL), Pontifica Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador, Quito 170150, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4722-7611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel-Olegario","family":"I\u00f1iguez-Jiminez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Healthy and Well-Being, School of Physical Therapy, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Salud en Am\u00e9rica Latina (CISeAL), Pontifica Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador, Quito 170150, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1964-1425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario J.","family":"Grijalva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5948-1396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin R.","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication Studies, Scripps College of Communication, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Salud en Am\u00e9rica Latina (CISeAL), Pontifica Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador, Quito 170150, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-017-5432-9","article-title":"The Global Spine Care Initiative: A summary of the global burden of low back and neck pain studies","volume":"27","author":"Hurwitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. 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