{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:54:57Z","timestamp":1793422497078,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior - Brasil (CAPES)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines the interplay between problematic smartphone use (PSU) and substance use disorders (SUDs) among Brazilian college students, also addressing associated emotional distress (e.g., depression, anxiety, and stress). A total of 3130 students (M_age = 23.6; SD_age = 5.34) participated in an online survey featuring validated measures for assessing PSU, alcohol and drug consumption, and emotional distress. Participants were categorized into problematic smartphone use (PSU) and non-problematic use (nPSU) groups. The prevalence of PSU was 46.9%, notably higher among female students, those lacking a religious affiliation, individuals living alone, and the unemployed. PSU individuals showed significantly elevated rates of alcohol, cannabis, and other illicit substance use, along with greater emotional distress. Network analysis revealed that weekly alcohol consumption and stress symptoms exhibited the highest centrality indices (e.g., stress with high betweenness; alcohol with strong expected influence), underscoring their key roles in connecting PSU and SUDs. These findings suggest that PSU and SUDs may share underlying emotional vulnerabilities, highlighting the need for integrated intervention strategies targeting both conditions concurrently.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22070973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T06:50:45Z","timestamp":1750402245000},"page":"973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Examining the Link Between Problematic Smartphone Use and Substance Use Disorders Among College Students: Association Patterns Using Network Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8993-6652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda Severo Lins","family":"Vitta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Psychology, School of Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, John Boyd Dunlop Avenue, Ipaussurama Garden, Campinas 13060-904, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3146-8197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanderlei Abadio de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Psychology, School of Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, John Boyd Dunlop Avenue, Ipaussurama Garden, Campinas 13060-904, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucio Garcia de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, ABC Fundation, 200 Lauro Gomes Avenue, Santo Andr\u00e9 09060-870, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Soares da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Psychology, School of Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, John Boyd Dunlop Avenue, Ipaussurama Garden, Campinas 13060-904, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9velin Moreira","family":"Freires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, ABC Fundation, 200 Lauro Gomes Avenue, Santo Andr\u00e9 09060-870, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9458-1111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Ferreira","family":"Semolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makilim Nunes","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychobiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 1038 Napoleao de Barros Street, Sao Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Romualdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Psychology, School of Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, John Boyd Dunlop Avenue, Ipaussurama Garden, Campinas 13060-904, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyoun S.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"de Micheli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychobiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 1038 Napoleao de Barros Street, Sao Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Scatena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychobiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 1038 Napoleao de Barros Street, Sao Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0111-8935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Luiz Monezi","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Psychology, School of Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, John Boyd Dunlop Avenue, Ipaussurama Garden, Campinas 13060-904, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reichert, R.A., Andrade, A.L.M., and De Micheli, D. (2025). Neuropsychology and Substance Use Disorders: Assessment and Treatment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-82614-6"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-024-02763-5","article-title":"Neuroscience and Addiction Research: Current Advances and Perspectives","volume":"131","author":"Darcq","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15297","article-title":"Circuit Selectivity in Drug versus Natural Reward Seeking Behaviors","volume":"157","author":"Nall","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106334","article-title":"Structural and Functional Correlations of Smartphone Addiction","volume":"105","author":"Horvath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16060","article-title":"Excessive Smartphone Use and Addiction: When Harms Start Outweighing Benefits","volume":"118","author":"Larsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105572","article-title":"Effects of Internet and Smartphone Addiction on Cognitive Control in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review of fMRI Studies","volume":"159","author":"Fumero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.20882\/adicciones.1847","article-title":"From non-problematic smartphone use to smartphone addiction: Impulsivity-based profiles. Del uso no problem\u00e1tico a la adicci\u00f3n al m\u00f3vil: Perfiles de impulsividad","volume":"36","author":"Puga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adicciones"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1007\/s43076-022-00232-0","article-title":"The Contextual Factors Associated with Co-occurring Substance and Problematic Internet Use in Adolescence: A Network Approach","volume":"32","author":"Andrade","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.je.2016.10.004","article-title":"The Association between Alcohol Use and Problematic Internet Use: A Large-Scale Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study of Adolescents in Japan","volume":"27","author":"Morioka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12971","article-title":"Problematic Internet Use Is Associated with Substance Use in Young Adolescents","volume":"104","author":"Akre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000257","article-title":"A network approach to modeling comorbid internalizing and alcohol use disorders","volume":"126","author":"Anker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"512","article-title":"Gender differences in gambling preferences and problem gambling: A network-level analysis","volume":"18","author":"Baggio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e2rbu, E.A., Marici, M., Bostan, S., and Gavrila-Ardelean, L. (2023). Physical and Recreational Activities, Sedentary Screen Time, Time Spent with Parents and Drug Use in Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021434"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mo, P.K., Li, J.B., Jiang, H., and Lau, J.T.F. (2019). Problematic Internet Use and Smoking among Chinese Junior Secondary Students: The Mediating Role of Depressive Symptomatology and Family Support. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16245053"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13373","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.13373","article-title":"Impact of Online Poker Gambling on Behavioural and Neurophysiological Responses to a Virtual Gambling Task","volume":"29","author":"Giustiniani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.9976","article-title":"Understanding the Genetics and Neurobiological Pathways Behind Addiction (Review)","volume":"21","author":"Popescu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2023.00015","article-title":"Striatal Ups or Downs? Neural Correlates of Monetary Reward Anticipation, Cue Reactivity and Their Interaction in Alcohol Use Disorder and Gambling Disorder","volume":"12","author":"Goudriaan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16304","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Youth Drinking, Self-Posting of Alcohol Use and Other Social Media Engagement (2012\u201321)","volume":"119","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107327","article-title":"Associations Between Problematic Internet Use and Substance Misuse Among US College Students","volume":"134","author":"Qeadan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Human Behav."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01490.x","article-title":"Problem-Behavior Theory, Psychosocial Development, and Adolescent Problem Drinking","volume":"82","author":"Jessor","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2017.1349802","article-title":"Applying the Problem Behavior Theory to Adolescent Drug Use Among a Cross-Sectional Sample of Boys Participating in a Community-Based Youth Organization","volume":"53","author":"Alexander","year":"2018","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00f3n-Arbu\u00e9s, E., Granada-L\u00f3pez, J.M., Mart\u00ednez-Abad\u00eda, B., Ech\u00e1niz-Serrano, E., Ant\u00f3n-Solanas, I., and Nash, M. (2021). Prevalence and Factors Associated with Problematic Internet Use in a Population of Spanish University Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147620"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.32890\/ijms2021.28.2.5","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Smartphone Addiction and Behavioral Outcomes","volume":"28","author":"Shahjehan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Manag. Stud."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2023.107807","article-title":"Problematic Smartphone Use and Two Types of Problematic Use of the Internet and Self-Stigma among People with Substance Use Disorders","volume":"147","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, F.A., de Oliveira, L.G., da Silva, G.T., Scatena, A., Kim, H.S., and Andrade, A.L.M. (Int. J. Ment. Health Addict., 2024). Validation of Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in Brazilian Colleges: Network Analysis, Measurement Invariance and Screening Efficiency, Int. J. Ment. Health Addict., in press.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-024-01268-2"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462005000100012","article-title":"Validity of the CAGE Questionnaire for Screening Alcohol-Dependent Inpatients on Hospital Wards","volume":"27","author":"Castells","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Litten, R.Z., and Allen, J.P. (1992). Timeline follow-back: A technique for assessing self-reported alcohol consumption. Measuring Alcohol Consumption: Psychosocial and Biological Methods, Humana Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0357-5"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"House of Commons, and Science and Technology Committee (2025, April 05). Alcohol Guidelines: Eleventh Report of Session 102. Available online: https:\/\/publications.parliament.uk\/pa\/cm201012\/cmselect\/cmsctech\/1536\/1536.pdf."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (2025, April 05). Guideline on the Development of Medicinal Products for the Treatment of Alcohol Dependence. EMEA\/CHMP\/EWP\/20097\/2008. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/scientific-guideline\/guideline-development-medicinal-products-treatment-alcohol-dependence_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(00)00065-4","article-title":"Screening of Drug Use in a Teenage Brazilian Sample Using the Drug Use Screening Inventory (DUSI)","volume":"25","author":"Formigoni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e190117","DOI":"10.1590\/1982-0275202037e190117","article-title":"Validity and Reliability of the Brazilian Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version for University Students and Adult Population","volume":"37","author":"Andrade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Estud. Psicol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-82712016210302","article-title":"Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21)\u2014Short Form: Adaptation and Validation for Brazilian Adolescents","volume":"21","author":"Patias","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psico-USF"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, N.G., Marti, C.N., and Choi, B.Y. (2024). Perceived Risk of Binge Drinking among Older Alcohol Users: Associations with Alcohol Use Frequency, Binge Drinking, Alcohol Use Disorder, and Alcohol Treatment Use. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21081081"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.2004.00398.x","article-title":"Internet addiction: Characteristics of a questionnaire and prevalence in Norwegian youth (12\u201318 years)","volume":"45","author":"Johansson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2009.01925.x","article-title":"Internet Overuse and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Adolescents","volume":"63","author":"Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9030660","article-title":"Concurrent and Predictive Relationships Between Compulsive Internet Use and Substance Use: Findings from Vocational High School Students in China and the USA","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/22\/7\/973\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:55:41Z","timestamp":1760032541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/22\/7\/973"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph22070973"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph22070973","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]}}}