{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T23:21:35Z","timestamp":1785885695655,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This narrative review examines the effects of caffeine on brain health in older adults, with particular attention to its potential for dependence\u2014an often-overlooked issue in geriatric care. Caffeine acts on central adenosine, dopamine, and glutamate systems, producing both stimulating and rewarding effects that can foster tolerance and habitual use. Age-related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes prolong caffeine\u2019s half-life and increase physiological sensitivity in the elderly. While moderate consumption may enhance alertness, attention, and possibly offer neuroprotective effects\u2014especially in Parkinson\u2019s disease and Lewy body dementia\u2014excessive or prolonged use may lead to anxiety, sleep disturbances, and cognitive or motor impairment. Chronic exposure induces neuroadaptive changes, such as adenosine receptor down-regulation, resulting in tolerance and withdrawal symptoms, including headache, irritability, and fatigue. These symptoms, often mistaken for typical aging complaints, may reflect a substance use disorder yet remain under-recognized due to caffeine\u2019s cultural acceptance. The review explores caffeine\u2019s mixed role in neurological disorders, being beneficial in some and potentially harmful in others, such as restless legs syndrome and frontotemporal dementia. Given the variability in individual responses and the underestimated risk of dependence, personalized caffeine intake guidelines are warranted. Future research should focus on the long-term cognitive effects and the clinical significance of caffeine use disorder in older populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22081171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T10:28:09Z","timestamp":1753352889000},"page":"1171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Caffeine in Aging Brains: Cognitive Enhancement, Neurodegeneration, and Emerging Concerns About Addiction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7457-6008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Glauco","family":"Carbone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Viale Luigi Borri 57, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"VP Dole Research Group, G. De Lisio Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Via di Pratale 3, 56121 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant\u2019Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6002-531X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Pagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, North-Western Tuscany Local Health Unit, Tuscany NHS, Lunigiana Socio-Sanitary Area, Piazza Craxi 22, 54011 Aulla, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5599-045X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Tagliarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment Service (S.P.D.C.), Sant\u2019Elia Hospital, Provincial Health Authority 2, Via Luigi Russo 6, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6324-0576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Icro","family":"Maremmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VP Dole Research Group, G. De Lisio Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Via di Pratale 3, 56121 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant\u2019Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7728-3705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo Giovanni Icro","family":"Maremmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VP Dole Research Group, G. De Lisio Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Via di Pratale 3, 56121 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant\u2019Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-199813010-00005","article-title":"Caffeine and the Elderly","volume":"13","author":"Massey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Temple, J.L., Bernard, C., Lipshultz, S.E., Czachor, J.D., Westphal, J.A., and Mestre, M.A. (2017). The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review. Front. Psychiatry, 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00080"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodak, K., Kokot, I., and Kratz, E.M. (2021). 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