{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T10:00:30Z","timestamp":1792058430223,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate change has magnified health disparities across the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region by destabilizing the critical natural systems, which include water security, food production, and disease ecology. The IPCC (2007) underscores the disproportionate impact on low-income populations characterized by limited adaptive capacity, exacerbating existing vulnerabilities. Rising temperatures, erratic precipitation patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events ranging from prolonged droughts to catastrophic floods have created favourable conditions for the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid, as well as the expansion of vector-borne diseases zone also characterized by warmer and wetter conditions where diseases like malaria thrives. This study employed a comparative analysis of climate and health data across Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and South Africa examining the interplay between climatic shifts and disease patterns. Through reviews of national surveillance reports, adaptation policies, and outbreak records, the analysis reveals the existence of critical gaps in preparedness and response. Zimbabwe\u2019s Matabeleland region experienced a doubling of diarrheal diseases in 2019 due to drought-driven water shortages, forcing communities to rely on unsafe alternatives. Mozambique faced a similar crisis following Cyclone Idai in 2019, where floodwaters precipitated a threefold surge in cholera cases, predominantly affecting children under five. In Malawi, Cyclone Ana\u2019s catastrophic flooding in 2022 contaminated water sources, leading to a devastating cholera outbreak that claimed over 1200 lives. Meanwhile, in South Africa, inadequate sanitation in KwaZulu-Natal\u2019s informal settlements amplified cholera transmission during the 2023 rainy season. Malaria incidence has also risen in these regions, with warmer temperatures extending the geographic range of Anopheles mosquitoes and lengthening the transmission seasons. The findings underscore an urgent need for integrated, multisectoral interventions. Strengthening disease surveillance systems to incorporate climate data could enhance early warning capabilities, while national adaptation plans must prioritize health resilience by bridging gaps between water, agriculture, and infrastructure policies. Community-level interventions, such as water purification programs and targeted vector control, are essential to reduce outbreaks in high-risk areas. Beyond these findings, there is a critical need to invest in longitudinal research so as to elucidate the causal pathways between climate change and disease burden, particularly for understudied linkages like malaria expansion and urbanization. Without coordinated action, climate-related health inequalities will continue to widen, leaving marginalized populations increasingly vulnerable to preventable diseases. The SADC region must adopt evidence-based, equity-centred strategies to mitigate these growing threats and safeguard public health in a warming world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22081242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T11:41:53Z","timestamp":1754653313000},"page":"1242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Health Inequalities in Primary Care: A Comparative Analysis of Climate Change-Induced Expansion of Waterborne and Vector-Borne Diseases in the SADC Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1288-2931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Musarurwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, Technology and Design Education, Faculty of Education, Midlands State University, Gweru P. B. 9054, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane M.","family":"Kaifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, Technology and Design Education, Faculty of Education, Midlands State University, Gweru P. B. 9054, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mildred","family":"Ziweya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Accounting and Business Education, Hillside Teachers College, Hillside, Bulawayo P. B. 2, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annah","family":"Moyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, Technology and Design Education, Faculty of Education, Midlands State University, Gweru P. B. 9054, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4673-2907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilfred","family":"Lunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Capable Ethical State, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"},{"name":"Disaster Management Training Education Centre (DIMTEC), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa"},{"name":"African Centre for Disaster Studies (ACDS), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Northwest University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0939-5374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia","family":"Kunguma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disaster Management Training Education Centre (DIMTEC), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, July 11). 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