{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T20:42:40Z","timestamp":1781728960506,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PROADI-SUS","award":["25000.019226\/2018-42 and 25000.182629\/2020-41"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25000.019226\/2018-42 and 25000.182629\/2020-41"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Understanding how food processing impacts type 2 diabetes (T2DM) control is essential for disease management. This study aimed to assess the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption, as defined by the NOVA classification, and metabolic parameters in T2DM patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional analysis using baseline data from the NUGLIC study, a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Multiple linear and Poisson regressions were used to evaluate associations between quintiles of processed and ultra-processed food consumption and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included fasting glucose, lipid profile, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference. Results: This study included 326 participants. UPF consumption accounted for approximately 16.4% of total daily energy intake. No significant linear associations were observed between higher consumption of industrialized foods and anthropometric or glycemic markers. However, intermediate and high consumption levels were associated with an increased total cholesterol (Q3: \u03b2 = 26.6; Q4: \u03b2 = 26.7) and LDL-cholesterol (Q4: \u03b2 = 19.8; Q5: \u03b2 = 17.5). Conclusion: In T2DM patients, a higher intake of processed and ultra-processed foods was linked to elevated cholesterol and LDL levels. These findings highlight potential cardiovascular risks but do not support causality due to the study\u2019s cross-sectional design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22081275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T08:39:07Z","timestamp":1755247147000},"page":"1275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods and Metabolic Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Bauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Oliveira","family":"Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1994-4610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline","family":"Marcadenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hcor Research Institute (IP-Hcor), S\u00e3o Paulo 04004-030, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel Helena Vieira","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hcor Research Institute (IP-Hcor), S\u00e3o Paulo 04004-030, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3478-781X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c2ngela","family":"Cristina Bersch-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hcor Research Institute (IP-Hcor), S\u00e3o Paulo 04004-030, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5886-8748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Fernanda Souza","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mileni Vanti","family":"Beretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7685-8431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria Pandolfo","family":"Feoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9091-142X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda Michielin","family":"Busnello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation (2025). 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