{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T00:47:51Z","timestamp":1781311671204,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of California"},{"name":"San Diego (UCSD) Center for Latin American and Iberian Studies"},{"name":"Tinker Foundation"},{"name":"UCSD Global Health Institute"},{"name":"UCSD International Institute"},{"name":"UCSD Friends of the International Center"},{"name":"Inamori Foundation"},{"name":"John and Mary Anderson Memorial Endowed Scholarship in Public Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Remaining in the place of origin while family, friends, and neighbors emigrate can have adverse effects on psychological well-being. Specific important relationships absent from one\u2019s social network can be especially impactful, while other relationships and network characteristics still available in the home network can be protective against psychological distress. The highlands of western Guatemala experience emigration at high rates and changing social network structures, affecting the mental health of those remaining at home. This study uses socio-centric network data from a single community (N = 653) to investigate the association between having emigrant ties in the United States and experiencing depressive symptoms according to an adapted CESD-20 scale. We also explore which types of relationships and network characteristics increase the likelihood of reporting depressive symptoms or moderate the relationship between emigration and depression. Our results indicate that having emigrant ties and more of them increases the odds of depression, even if only one friend or neighbor emigrated. Those with lower levels of education were also more likely to report depressive symptoms. However, more connected networks offered some protection from depression. Certain critical relationships still available at home, like a mother or sibling, lowered the likelihood of depression. For women, higher transitivity, or network cohesiveness, moderated the relationship between emigration and depression, and for men, a higher proportion of their connections outside of the household than within the household moderated that relationship. These findings may offer some insight into important relationships and network structures that may be leveraged to ease the mental health burden for those remaining at home while friends and loved ones emigrate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22091328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T14:18:49Z","timestamp":1756217929000},"page":"1328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Social Network Impacts and Moderators of Depression Among Indigenous Maya People Remaining in Place of Origin in the Migrant-Sending Guatemalan Western Highlands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Haley M.","family":"Ciborowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity Science, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Department of Geography, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly C.","family":"Brouwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity Science, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9843-2845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Hurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity Science, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0732-0827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramona L.","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Swanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Development Studies, Dalhousie University, 6299 South St, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity Science, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.11.009","article-title":"After spouses depart: Emotional wellbeing among nonmigrant Mexican mothers","volume":"132","author":"Nobles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. 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