{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:58:27Z","timestamp":1791500307242,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2024, a significant Salmonella Umbilo outbreak was reported across the European Union and beyond, traced to contaminated vegetables originating from the Province of Salerno (Italy). Subsequent on-site inspections in the production area revealed a mismanaged manure storage tank, which became the focus of a GIS-based investigation aimed at locating nearby animal establishments. Within a 1-km radius\u2014encompassing both the tank and the contaminated greenhouses\u2014three buffalo farms were identified. Farm inspections revealed buffalo calves exhibiting enteric symptoms. Fecal samples collected from these animals led to the isolation of S. Umbilo genomically linked to the 2024 multi-country outbreak, as well as other serotypes. To thoroughly investigate, data from official EU and Italian databases were analyzed, to detect the presence of S. Umbilo in vegetables, buffalo, and other livestock within the Province of Salerno. However, the lack of access to critical data needed to clarify the epidemiological links at the human\u2013animal\u2013environment interface has hindered the full reconstruction of the outbreak dynamics. These limitations underscore the urgent need to implement One Health strategies by promoting interdisciplinary collaboration among veterinarians, physicians, food technologists, biologists and other professionals; leveraging official open access databases; and adopting emerging technologies as interoperable data systems and drone surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22101478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T07:46:49Z","timestamp":1758786409000},"page":"1478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Open Data Are Urgently Needed for One Health-Based Investigations: The Example of the 2024 Salmonella Umbilo Multi-Country Outbreak"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3969-1294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Mazzeo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7644-461X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celestina","family":"Mascolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Directorate for Health Protection and Coordination of the Regional Health System-Unit of Prevention and Veterinary Public Health, 80132 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Directorate for Health Protection and Coordination of the Regional Health System-Unit of Prevention and Veterinary Public Health, 80132 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Maiuro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1424-3096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastiano","family":"Rosati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3570-7642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Sorrentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teklemariam, A.D., Al-Hindi, R.R., Albiheyri, R.S., Alharbi, M.G., Alghamdi, M.A., Filimban, A.A.R., Al Mutiri, A.S., Al-Alyani, A.M., Alseghayer, M.S., and Almaneea, A.M. (2023). Human Salmonellosis: A Continuous Global Threat in the Farm-to-Fork Food Safety Continuum. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12091756"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA and ECDC (European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) (2024). The European Union One Health 2023 Zoonoses report. EFSA J., 22, e9106.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.9106"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2025, June 10). RASFF\u2014The European Commission Rapid Alert System for Feed and Food. Available online: https:\/\/food.ec.europa.eu\/food-safety\/rasff_en."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400728","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.46.2400728","article-title":"Multinational investigation of a Salmonella Umbilo outbreak reveals rocket salad and baby spinach as the likely infection vehicles, Europe, 2024","volume":"29","author":"Rosner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"253","article-title":"New serotypes of Salmonella identified before 1964 at the Salmonella reference laboratory, Colindale","volume":"16","author":"Lapage","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antigenic formulae of the Salmonella serovars","volume":"Volume 9","author":"Grimont","year":"2007","journal-title":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzeo, A., Mascolo, C., Maiuro, L., Esposito, M., Ferrara, C., Rossi, N., Di Chiro, V., Rosati, S., and Sorrentino, E. (2025). Brucellosis in cattle and buffalo in southern Italian provinces: Trends in presence of territory-specific One Health measures. Front. Microb., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1609336"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2025, June 02). ECDC\u2014The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2025, June 03). EFSA\u2014The European Food Safety Authority. Available online: https:\/\/open.efsa.europa.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"SIAN (2025, May 31). The Italian Ministry of Agriculture, Food Sovereignty and Forestry Database. Available online: https:\/\/www.sian.it\/portale\/."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2025, May 17). VETINFO, the Italian Veterinary Portal. Available online: https:\/\/www.vetinfo.it\/."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"ISTAT (2023). National Institute of Statistics. GIstat\u2014Hydrographic Network and Water Canals, ISTAT. Available online: https:\/\/www.istat.it\/."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"European Union Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2025, June 02). Atlas. Available online: https:\/\/atlas.ecdc.europa.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Luppi, A., Torreggiani, C., Prosperi, A., and Arrigoni, M. (2025, July 02). Manuale Operativo per la Gestione di Casi di Salmonellosi nell\u2019Allevamento della Bovina da Latte. Available online: https:\/\/www.izsler.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/09\/Manuale-Operativo-Salmonellosi-nellallevamento-Bovino.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzeo, A., Tremonte, P., Lombardi, S.J., Caturano, C., Correra, A., and Sorrentino, E. (2022). From the Intersection of Food-Borne Zoonoses and EU Green Policies to an In-Embryo One Health Financial Model. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11182736"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"CAMPANIA REGION (2025, July 02). Mandatory Eradication Programme for Infectious Diseases in Cattle and Buffalo in Campania (DGRC n. 104\/2022). Available online: https:\/\/oev.izsmportici.it\/dgrc-104-2022-approvazione-del-programma-obbligatorio-di-eradicazione-delle-malattie-infettive-delle-specie-bovina-e-bufalina-in-regione-campania\/."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Italian Ministry of Health (2024). Decree of 2 May 2024\u2014Adoption of the Mandatory National Programmes for the Eradication of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis in Cattle and Brucellosis in Sheep and Goats, Official Gazette of the Italian Republic. Available online: https:\/\/www.izsler.it\/tbcentro\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/19\/2024\/12\/interno_IZS_Brucellosi.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Italian Ministry of Health (2025). Order No. 1\/2025, of the National Extraordinary Commissioner for the Control and Eradication of Bovine, Buffalo, Ovine, and Caprine Brucellosis, and Bovine and Buffalo Tuberculosis. Strengthening Measures for the Eradication of Water Buffalo Brucellosis in the Province of Caserta, Italian Ministry of Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.gazzettaufficiale.it\/atto\/serie_generale\/caricaDettaglioAtto\/originario?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=2025-03-13&atto.codiceRedazionale=25A01570&elenco30giorni=false."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Bilei, S., Salinetti, A.P., Tolli, R., Di Giampietro, G., and Marrocco, M.G. (2025, June 19). Salmonella Rapporto regionale sulla sorveglianza di laboratorio\u2014Anno 2004 Centro di Riferimento Regionale per gli Enterobatteri Patogeni Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana Via Appia Nuova, 1411 00178 Roma. Available online: https:\/\/www.izslt.it\/crep\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2017\/03\/crep_report_2004.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gambi, L., Ravaioli, V., Rossini, R., Tranquillo, V., Boscarino, A., Mattei, S., D\u2019incau, M., Tosi, G., Fiorentini, L., and Donato, A.D. (2022). Prevalence of Different Salmonella enterica Subspecies and Serotypes in Wild Carnivores in Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12233368"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"11538","article-title":"Occurrence and distribution of Salmonella serovars associated with human infection isolated from irrigation waters and food-producing animals in southern Italy: Eleven-year monitoring (2011\u20132021)","volume":"12","author":"Peruzy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ital. J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borriello, G., Lucibelli, M.G., Pesciaroli, M., Carullo, M.R., Graziani, C., Ammendola, S., Battistoni, A., Ercolini, D., Pasquali, P., and Galiero, G. (2012). Diversity of Salmonella spp. serovars isolated from the intestines of water buffalo calves with gastroenteritis. BMC Vet. Res., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-201"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-66.3.403","article-title":"Microbiological study of ready-to-eat salad vegetables from retail establishments uncovers a national outbreak of salmonellosis","volume":"66","author":"Sagoo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268804002523","article-title":"Outbreak of Salmonella Livingstone infection in Norway and Sweden due to contaminated processed fish products","volume":"132","author":"Guerin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.3.1037-1044.2005","article-title":"Nosocomial. Outbreak Caused by Salmonella enterica Serotype Livingstone Producing CTX-M-27 Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase in a Neonatal Unit in Sousse, Tunisia","volume":"43","author":"Salem","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01255-07","article-title":"Salmonella enterica serovar Senftenberg human clinical isolates lacking SPI-1","volume":"46","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2025, July 16). 92 Salmonella Senftenberg cases reported in 11 EU\/EEA Countries. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/news-events\/92-salmonella-senftenberg-cases-reported-11-eueea-countries."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"536","article-title":"Notes from the Field: Rapid Linkage of a Salmonella Livingstone Outbreak to a Restaurant, Using Open-Ended Interviews and Patient Purchase Histories\u2014Utah, 2023\u20132024","volume":"73","author":"Keisling","year":"2024","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.6000\/1927-520X.2023.12.07","article-title":"Modulation of the One Health Approach to Tackle Brucellosis in Buffaloes and Cattle in Two Italian Territories with Different Characteristics","volume":"12","author":"Mazzeo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Buffalo Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.5851\/kosfa.2025.e4","article-title":"Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella in Animal Products Jeopardize Human Health","volume":"45","author":"Oh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Anim. Resour."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"6","article-title":"Relationship between virulence and antibiotic resistant genes in some Gram negative bacteria causing diarrhea in calves","volume":"15","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-020-00860-z","article-title":"Zoonosis: An Emerging Link to Antibiotic Resistance Under \"One Health Approach\"","volume":"60","author":"Dafale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sekhwal, M.K., Li, L., Pierre, T., Matthews, T., Luley, E., Tewari, D., Kuchipudi, S.V., Jayarao, B., and Byukusenge, M. (2025). Molecular Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica Serotype Dublin Isolated from 2011 to 2022 from Veal and Dairy Cattle in Pennsylvania. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13020400"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campioni, F., Vilela, F.P., Cao, G., Kastanis, G., dos Prazeres Rodrigues, D., Costa, R.G., Tiba-Casas, M.R., Yin, L., Allard, M., and Falc\u00e3o, J.P. (2022). Whole genome sequencing analyses revealed that Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin strains from Brazil belonged to two predominant clades. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14492-4"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velasquez-Munoz, A., Castro-Vargas, R., Cullens-Nobis, F.M., Mani, R., and Abuelo, A. (2024). Review: Salmonella Dublin in dairy cattle. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1331767"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e791","DOI":"10.1002\/vrc2.791","article-title":"Multi-drug resistant Salmonella ser. Dublin cultured from cryopreserved Holstein semen","volume":"12","author":"Holschbach","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Rec. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"National Reference Centre (NRC) for Salmonella\u2014Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie (2025, July 03). Protocollo per la Gestione di un Focolaio di Salmonellosi negli Allevamenti di Bovine da Latte. Available online: https:\/\/www.izsvenezie.it\/documenti\/temi\/salmonellosi\/protocollo-focolai-salmonella-bovine-latte.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2025, June 29). National Control Plan for Salmonellosis in Poultry 2025-2027 (PNCSA)\u2014Italian Ministry of Heath. Available online: https:\/\/www.izsvenezie.it\/documenti\/temi\/salmonellosi\/normativa\/piani-di-controllo\/piani-di-controllo\/piano-nazionale-salmonellosi-2025.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zizza, A., Fallucca, A., Guido, M., Restivo, V., Roveta, M., and Trucchi, C. (2025). Foodborne Infections and Salmonella: Current Primary Prevention Tools and Future Perspectives. Vaccines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13010029"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/22\/10\/1478\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:49:20Z","timestamp":1760035760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/22\/10\/1478"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph22101478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph22101478","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]}}}