{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T20:53:13Z","timestamp":1789073593004,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Connecticut and the InCHIP Community Engaged Research Seed","award":["HL159034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL159034"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study examined the relationship between food swamps and self-reported food shopping frequency and perceived food access, while considering transportation mode and travel time. This Community-Based Participatory Research study surveyed residents from six neighborhoods in Hartford. Individual-level food swamp exposure (the ratio of unhealthy to healthy food stores within a 0.5-mile radius of participants\u2019 homes) was measured both objectively (using GIS-based methods) and subjectively (through self-reporting). Poisson regression models assessed the associations between food swamps and outcomes (shopping frequency by store types and perceived access to food), with transportation mode and travel time as moderators. Of 304 participants, 51% lived in subjective (n = 153) and 71% in objective (n = 198) food swamps. Food swamp exposure was associated with greater shopping frequency at unhealthy outlets (\u03b2 = 0.12, p &lt; 0.001), less access to healthier food (\u03b2 = \u22120.13, p &lt; 0.001), and increased access to unhealthy food (\u03b2 = 0.08, p &lt; 0.001). Transportation significantly moderates these relationships; bus riders reported the highest rates of unhealthy food purchasing (\u03b2 = 0.17, p &lt; 0.001). Longer travel times increased both healthy and unhealthy food access (\u03b2 = 0.01, p &lt; 0.001 for each). Food swamps interact with public transportation to contribute to food shopping and access, underscoring the need for integrated food and transportation policies to address structural barriers and promote health equity in underserved urban communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22101481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T12:05:13Z","timestamp":1758801913000},"page":"1481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Food Swamps and Transportation Access: Intersecting Structural Determinants of Food Shopping and Access in Marginalized Urban Communities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Summaya","family":"Abdul Razak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abiodun T.","family":"Atoloye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7686-5911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Curtis Jalen","family":"Antrum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"},{"name":"Child Health and Development Institute, Farmington, CT 06032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kritee","family":"Niroula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5849-8740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Bannor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9427-814X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Snehaa","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1644-8219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emil","family":"Coman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Disparities Institute, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT 06030-7030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Huedo-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Health Psychology and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s\/n, 48940 Leioa Bizkaia, Spain"},{"name":"Basque Foundation for Science, IKERBASQUE, 48011 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4226-064X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerie B.","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Cooksey Stowers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"},{"name":"Rudd Center for Food Policy and Health, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT 06103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz329","article-title":"Diet quality as a predictor of cardiometabolic disease-free life expectancy: The Whitehall II cohort study","volume":"111","author":"Stenholm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. 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