{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T18:01:06Z","timestamp":1788026466096,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This study aimed to evaluate food insecurity and associated factors during and after remote learning among undergraduates at Brazilian public universities. Methods: This is a comparative study of two cross-sectional studies; the first had its data collection from August 2020 to February 2021, and the second from May 2023 to December 2023. The questionnaire contained socio-economic variables, the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale, the Diet Quality Scale, and the Perceived Stress Scale. Results: In total, 4799 undergraduates of Brazilian public universities responded in the first study, and 2897 responded in the second. Food insecurity was present in 36.5% of the students in 2020\/2021 and 35.9% of the students in 2023. In the correspondence analysis, low income, poor health, stress and poor diet were associated with food insecurity in 2020\/2021. Low income, reduced income, poor health, stress and diet quality were associated with food insecurity in 2023. Logistic regressions demonstrated that the year of collection, whether during or after remote learning, did not significantly contribute to food insecurity. However, students from low-income families had the highest AOR for food insecurity; no change in income or weight and lower perceptions of stress were associated with a lower AOR for food insecurity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22101508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T07:58:13Z","timestamp":1759305493000},"page":"1508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Food Insecurity in Undergraduates During and After Remote Learning: A Brazilian Multicenter Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2135-9779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liana","family":"Galv\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luana","family":"Ataliba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9026-2816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jussara","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doroteia","family":"H\u00f6felmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80210-170, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2257-9899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Crispim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 80210-170, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7503-1376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alanderson","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Public Health, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco 69920-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5699-4567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Public Health, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco 69920-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1714-3548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartira","family":"Gorgulho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1 78060-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4213-0685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab\u00e1 78060-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1474-3812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e9lia","family":"Lyra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betzabeth","family":"Slater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-904, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6810-5779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirce","family":"Marchioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-904, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0724-1961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna","family":"Maciel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Fome e Pandemia de COVID-19 No Brasil","volume":"8","author":"Freitas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tessituras Rev. 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