{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T04:18:29Z","timestamp":1761279509933,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009238","name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009238","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P20AA017828","R37AA011408","K02AA018755","P50AA022537","K01AA024152","T32AA029975"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20AA017828","R37AA011408","K02AA018755","P50AA022537","K01AA024152","T32AA029975"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Center for Research Resources and National Institutes of Health Roadmap for Medical Research","award":["UL1RR031990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1RR031990"]}]},{"name":"Center for the Study of Tobacco Products at VCU"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UM1TR004360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1TR004360"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Despite guidelines recommending lower alcohol limits for individuals who flush, some still drink at unhealthy levels. This study investigates whether drinking motives are differentially associated with alcohol consumption based on self-reported flushing status among U.S. Asian young adults. Asian American youth report alcohol use at rates comparable to other high-risk groups, identifying the need to understand factors shaping these behaviors. Methods: The current analysis drew participants from a longitudinal multi-cohort study examining the emotional and behavioral health of college students. Freshmen were recruited, all aged 18 years and older, to complete a baseline survey and follow up surveys over a four-year period. The analytic sample (Mean age = 19.4; 70.5% female) included 244 students who self-identified as Asian. Participants self-reported whether they experience facial flush when consuming alcohol and rated their endorsement of various drinking motives. Negative binomial regression models tested main effects and interaction effects between flushing status (flushers, non-flushers) and drinking motives (coping, enhancement, conformity, social). Results: Facial flushing moderated enhancement, conformity, and social drinking motives, but not coping. Among flushers, enhancement and social motives were more strongly associated with greater alcohol consumption. Among non-flushers, conformity motives were stronger and associated with greater drinking, at a trend level. Overall, flushing or higher coping motives were associated with lower alcohol consumption. Peer drinking was associated with higher consumption in both flushing-status groups. Conclusions: The current study extends prior international research on drinking motives and flushing status to U.S. Asian young adults. Findings support the need for prevention strategies that address individual drinking motives and the modeling of alcohol use by peers. Reducing alcohol use among individuals who experience alcohol-induced flushing is a public health priority, given their heightened risk for alcohol-related cancers and other negative health outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22111604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T07:03:51Z","timestamp":1761116631000},"page":"1604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Drinking Motives and Alcohol Consumption Among Asian American Young Adults: The Moderating Role of Alcohol-Related Facial Flushing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2410-2584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen G.","family":"Chartier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 Floyd Avenue, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"},{"name":"Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3330-1323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin N.","family":"Montemayor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8258-8244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacyra","family":"de Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 Floyd Avenue, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1731-6792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arham","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the Spit for Science Working Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, June 01). Improved Race and Ethnicity Measures Reveal U.S. Population Is Much More Multiracial: 2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country, Available online: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/library\/stories\/2021\/08\/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2025, June 01). National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD). Minority Health and Health Disparities Population, Available online: https:\/\/www.nimhd.nih.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109059","article-title":"Debunking the myth of low behavioral risk among Asian Americans: The case of alcohol use","volume":"228","author":"Hai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.2161","article-title":"Prevalence of 12-month alcohol use, high-risk drinking, and DSM-IV alcohol use disorder in the United States, 2001-2002 to 2012-2013: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions","volume":"74","author":"Grant","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2016.1170142","article-title":"Asian American and White college students' heavy episodic drinking behaviors and alcohol-related problems","volume":"51","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (2021). Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. HHS Publication No. PEP21-07-01-003, NSDUH Series H-56."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13307","article-title":"Increasing trend in the prevalence of alcohol-sensitive individuals with alcohol use disorder over the past 40 years","volume":"76","author":"Ueno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000501","article-title":"A longitudinal investigation of racial discrimination, drinking to cope, and alcohol-related problems among underage Asian American college students","volume":"33","author":"Le","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2018.79.7","article-title":"The future of research on alcohol-related disparities across US racial\/ethnic groups: A plan of attack","volume":"79","author":"Zemore","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3109\/14659891.2012.709912","article-title":"Factors associated with alcohol problems among Asian American college students: Gender, ethnicity, smoking and depressed mood","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Subst. Use"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000340","article-title":"Acculturation and alcohol use among Asian Americans: A meta-analytic review","volume":"32","author":"Lui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2019.1640224","article-title":"College students\u2019 use of strategies to hide facial flushing: A target for alcohol education","volume":"68","author":"Chartier","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, L., Yuen, L.-W., Newman, I.M., and Shell, D.F. (2018). University students\u2019 willingness to assist fellow students who experience alcohol-related facial flushing to reduce their drinking. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15050850"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.11.1731","article-title":"Toward improved health: Disaggregating Asian American and native Hawaiian\/Pacific Islander data","volume":"90","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luczak, S.E., Glatt, S.J., and Wall, T.L. (2009). Meta-analyses of ALDH2 and ADH1B with alcohol dependence in Asians. Addictive Behaviors: New Readings on Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment, American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/11855-026"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"22","article-title":"ALDH2, ADH1B, and ADH1C genotypes in Asians: A literature review","volume":"30","author":"Eng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30231-2","article-title":"National, regional, and global burdens of disease from 2000 to 2016 attributable to alcohol use: A comparative risk assessment study","volume":"5","author":"Shield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, J.S., Hsiao, J.-R., and Chen, C.-H. (2017). ALDH2 polymorphism and alcohol-related cancers in Asians: A public health perspective. J. Biomed. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-017-0327-y"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brooks, P.J., Enoch, M.-A., Goldman, D., Li, T.-K., and Yokoyama, A. (2009). The alcohol flushing response: An unrecognized risk factor for esophageal cancer from alcohol consumption. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000050"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14539","article-title":"Alcohol consumption, cardiovascular-related conditions, and ALDH2* 2 ethnic group prevalence in Asian Americans","volume":"45","author":"Cook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124915","article-title":"A personalized medicine approach for Asian Americans with the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2* 2 variant","volume":"55","author":"Gross","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S212","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.15.S212","article-title":"Smoking, alcohol drinking and esophageal cancer: Findings from the JACC Study","volume":"15","author":"Sakata","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1177\/10105395231169077","article-title":"Health-Related Habits and Health Promotion Behaviors in People With Alcohol Flushing","volume":"35","author":"Hwang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yook, H.J., Lee, G.-N., Lee, J.H., Han, K., and Park, Y.M. (2024). Epidemiologic relationship between alcohol flushing and smoking in the Korean population: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66521-z"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1993.54.48","article-title":"The association between fast-flushing response and alcohol use among Japanese Americans","volume":"54","author":"Nakawatase","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, S.S., Ju, Y.J., Lee, S., and Park, E.-C. (2019). Primary reason for drinking among current, former, and never flushing college students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16020211"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.19.0059","article-title":"Korean alcohol guidelines for moderate drinking based on facial flushing","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J. Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2017.1314489","article-title":"ALDH2* 2 and peer drinking in East Asian college students","volume":"43","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abus."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2007.68.789","article-title":"Stability of heavy episodic drinking in Chinese-and Korean-American college students: Effects of ALDH2 gene status and behavioral undercontrol","volume":"68","author":"Doran","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2021.1947759","article-title":"Anticipated Stigma and Self-Racialization: From Alcohol Flush Reaction to Panethnic Asian Glow","volume":"43","author":"Hamada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Deviant Behav."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01325.x","article-title":"Evaluating a cognitive model of ALDH2 and drinking behavior","volume":"35","author":"Hendershot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2010.00286.x","article-title":"COMT and ALDH2 polymorphisms moderate associations of implicit drinking motives with alcohol use","volume":"17","author":"Hendershot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.2.117","article-title":"Motivations for alcohol use among adolescents: Development and validation of a four-factor model","volume":"6","author":"Cooper","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.69.5.990","article-title":"Drinking to regulate positive and negative emotions: A motivational model of alcohol use","volume":"69","author":"Cooper","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.06.002","article-title":"Why do young people drink? A review of drinking motives","volume":"25","author":"Kuntsche","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2015.1133633","article-title":"Drinking motives mediate emotion regulation difficulties and problem drinking in college students","volume":"42","author":"Aurora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abus."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01224.x","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of impulsivity and their association with alcohol use and related outcomes during emerging and young adulthood I","volume":"34","author":"Littlefield","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000046","article-title":"College students\u2019 drinking motives and social-contextual factors: Comparing associations across levels of analysis","volume":"29","author":"Armeli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.7243\/2055-3447-2-9","article-title":"Fear of missing out (FoMO): The relationship between FoMO, alcohol use, and alcohol-related consequences in college students","volume":"2","author":"Riordan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Brain Funct."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2010.03.002","article-title":"Social anxiety, reasons for drinking, and college students","volume":"41","author":"Norberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.03.016","article-title":"Drinking motives as mediators of the impulsivity-substance use relation: Pathways for negative urgency, lack of premeditation, and sensation seeking","volume":"37","author":"Adams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.12.013","article-title":"Protective behavioral strategies mediate the effect of drinking motives on alcohol use among heavy drinking college students: Gender and race differences","volume":"36","author":"LaBrie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14436","article-title":"Longitudinal change in alcohol use and motivations for drinking among Asian American college students","volume":"44","author":"Greene","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000361","article-title":"Distinct classes of alcohol use and related problems among Asian American young adults","volume":"89","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H.K., Lim Si En, R., and Wong Kang Min, D. (2019). Psychosocial motivators for moderate drinking among young Asian flushers in Singapore. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16111897"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jee, Y., Park, S., Yuk, E., and Cho, S.-i. (2021). Alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking among young adults: An instrumental variable analysis using alcohol flushing. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111392"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dick, D.M., Nasim, A., Edwards, A.C., Salvatore, J.E., Cho, S.B., Adkins, A., Meyers, J., Yan, J., Cooke, M., and Clifford, J. (2014). Spit for Science: Launching a longitudinal study of genetic and environmental influences on substance use and emotional health at a large US university. Front. Genet., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2014.00047"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1105","article-title":"Reliability of a flushing questionnaire and the ethanol patch test in screening for inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 and alcohol-related cancer risk","volume":"6","author":"Yokoyama","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000145","article-title":"The role of romantic relationship status in pathways of risk for emerging adult alcohol use","volume":"30","author":"Salvatore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(197710)33:4<981::AID-JCLP2270330412>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Confirmation of the dimensional structure of the SCL-90: A study in construct validation","volume":"33","author":"Derogatis","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2011.72.125","article-title":"Daily stress and alcohol consumption: Modeling between-person and within-person ethnic variation in coping behavior","volume":"72","author":"Roesch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(02)00206-0","article-title":"Effects of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 genotype on cardiovascular and endocrine responses to alcohol in young Japanese subjects","volume":"102","author":"Nishimura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3289(12)80004-6","article-title":"Genetic or cultural determinants of drinking: A study of embarrassment at facial flushing among Japanese and Japanese-Americans","volume":"2","author":"Parrish","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539511420702","article-title":"Social Meaning of Alcohol-Related Flushing Among University Students in China","volume":"25","author":"Newman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newman, I.M., Ding, L., Shell, D.F., and Lin, L. (2017). How Social Reactions to Alcohol-Related Facial Flushing Are Affected by Gender, Relationship, and Drinking Purposes: Implications for Education to Reduce Aerodigestive Cancer Risks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14060622"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owaki, Y., Yoshimoto, H., Saito, G., Dobashi, S., Kushio, S., Nakamura, A., Goto, T., Togo, Y., Mori, K., and Hokazono, H. (2024). Effectiveness of genetic feedback on alcohol metabolism to reduce alcohol consumption in young adults: An open-label randomized controlled trial. BMC Med., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03422-y"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-010-9207-3","article-title":"Evaluation of a brief web-based genetic feedback intervention for reducing alcohol-related health risks associated with ALDH2","volume":"40","author":"Hendershot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3109\/09687637.2014.979764","article-title":"The educational potential of alcohol-related flushing among Chinese young people","volume":"22","author":"Newman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drugs Educ. Prev. Policy"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1080\/15374410903258967","article-title":"Development and validation of the drinking motive questionnaire revised short form (DMQ\u2013R SF)","volume":"38","author":"Kuntsche","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/22\/11\/1604\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T04:14:40Z","timestamp":1761279280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/22\/11\/1604"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph22111604"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph22111604","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]}}}