{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:17:32Z","timestamp":1788236252096,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure to heavy metals from mining activities has been consistently associated with disruptions in hematologic homeostasis, adversely affecting children\u2019s overall development. We aimed to determine population-specific distributions of hematological markers and to compare anemic and nonanemic children in a mining-exposed highland community. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 156 children aged 3 to 7 years from the Peruvian highlands, using non-probability sampling and following CLSI C28-A3 guidelines for this population. Inclusion criteria were children with complete blood count results and residency in mining-contaminated areas. Blood samples were collected via venipuncture and analyzed with a 3-part Sysmex differential hematology analyzer. The mean WBC count was 10.42 \u00b1 1.76 \u00d7 103\/\u00b5L, with no significant differences between males and females (p = 0.770). Hematological indices, including RBC, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels, were consistent between sexes. However, significant differences were noted between anemic and nonanemic 3\u20134-year-old children for RBC (5.56 \u00b1 0.47 vs. 7.06 \u00b1 0.96 \u00d7 106\/\u00b5L) and HCT (33.97 \u00b1 6.89 vs. 35.64 \u00b1 5%) (each p &lt; 0.00001), with lower values in anemic subjects. Also, anemic and nonanemic 5\u20137-year-old children had significant differences in RBC (5.87 \u00b1 1.02 vs. 7.36 \u00b1 0.79 \u00d7 106\/\u00b5L) and HCT (31.13 \u00b1 1.73 vs. 36.54 \u00b1 4) (each p &lt; 0.00001). Our findings reveal variations in hematological parameter distributions, emphasizing the importance of personalized blood assessments for mining-exposed populations. This approach could enable earlier diagnosis and intervention for anemia among vulnerable pediatric groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22111637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T11:47:19Z","timestamp":1761652039000},"page":"1637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Distribution of Hematologic Parameters of Complete Blood Count in Anemic and Nonanemic Children in a Mining-Exposed Highland Peruvian Community"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1937-5446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria","family":"Cruz-Gonzales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Technologist, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15007, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ar\u00edstides","family":"Hurtado-Concha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Technologist, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15007, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Bejarano-Benites","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Technologist, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15007, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6156-3867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hern\u00e1n","family":"Bedoya-V\u00edlchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Technologist, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15007, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merly","family":"Sarabia-Tarrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Technologist, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15007, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4750-7496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliane A.","family":"Goicochea-Palomino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculties of Health Science, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica del Per\u00fa, Lima 15046, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeel","family":"Moya-Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Technologist, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15007, Peru"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Se\u00f1or de Sip\u00e1n, Chiclayo 14002, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2018.05.005","article-title":"Mines: The local wealth and health effects of mineral mining in developing countries","volume":"139","author":"Barnwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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