{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:46:16Z","timestamp":1787028376650,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP26196607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP26196607"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to assess bone health in individuals over 60 years of age in Kazakhstan, focusing on the relationship between osteoporosis, body mass index (BMI), body composition, and nutritional factors. This study included 1961 participants, consisting of 1620 women and 341 men, aged 60 to 89. Bone strength was assessed using quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus, while fracture risk was assessed with the FRAX tool. Osteoporosis was detected in 20.2% of women and 15.2% of men, and osteopenia affected 59.8% of women and 58.4% of men. A total of 73.7% of the participants were overweight, 38.2% were pre-obese, and 35.5% were obese. The results of the study emphasise that, in addition to classic nutrients (calcium, vitamin D, protein), a number of trace elements and vitamins (selenium, iodine, zinc, vitamin B6, phytosterols) also play a significant, possibly indirect, role in bone metabolism. An inverse correlation was observed between BMI and osteoporosis prevalence; with a decrease in BMI, the incidence of osteoporosis increased (women: \u03c72 = 26.0, df = 2, p &lt; 0.001; men: \u03c72 = 4.29, df = 2, p &lt; 0.014; total sample: \u03c72 = 32.3, df = 2, p &lt; 0.001), thus confirming that excess body fat exerts a protective effect on bone health. Significant risk factors for osteoporosis included age, height, and weight. A link was found between the age of first osteoporosis onset and BMI (from 65 to 72.14 years). This confirms the value of FRAX for accurately assessing fracture risk and developing personalised recommendations based on anthropometric and dietary characteristics. Future longitudinal research is warranted to validate these results and further elucidate the underlying mechanisms, including the predictive power of novel anthropometric parameters such as the Body Roundness Index and Body Shape Index.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22111694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T10:35:31Z","timestamp":1762770931000},"page":"1694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Osteoporosis in the Elderly: A Cross-Sectional Study in Kazakhstan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1310-3290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aigul","family":"Abduldayeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research Institute of Preventive Medicine Named After Academician E. Dalenov, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8255-6261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulnur","family":"Doszhanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research Institute of Preventive Medicine Named After Academician E. Dalenov, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7361-1836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saule","family":"Iskakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research Institute of Preventive Medicine Named After Academician E. Dalenov, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2318-0625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhanar","family":"Bukeyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research Institute of Preventive Medicine Named After Academician E. Dalenov, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4150-7997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saule","family":"Tarjibayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research Institute of Preventive Medicine Named After Academician E. Dalenov, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2128-9803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yerkezhan","family":"Tolegenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research Institute of Preventive Medicine Named After Academician E. Dalenov, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8300-2006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ainagul","family":"Kazbekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine No. 1, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7975-7716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olzhas","family":"Kozhamkulov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research Institute of Preventive Medicine Named After Academician E. Dalenov, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1010-5901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aigerm","family":"Baimagambetova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Management, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3527-783X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulnaz","family":"Dosmyrzayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research Institute of Preventive Medicine Named After Academician E. Dalenov, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"154","article-title":"Economic burden of osteoporosis in the world: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Kemmak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. J. Islam. Repub. Iran."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02772-0","article-title":"The global prevalence of osteoporosis in the world: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Salari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2994S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.9.2994S","article-title":"Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and vitamin D fortification of complementary foods","volume":"133","author":"SAbrams","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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