{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T10:29:10Z","timestamp":1763980150382,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Stigma in many contexts is defined as a process of differentiation, othering, and discrimination. Its external manifestations include outward negative attitudes, and bad behaviour targeted at those with a specific condition. SARS-CoV-2 infections have been seen as a dangerous clinical condition towards people. The aim of the study was to describe the risk factors for suffering social exclusion and stigma in a group of people with COVID-19. Methods: We included 95 people into a descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational study. They were invited to participate voluntarily to answer an online survey to determine and describe the effects produced by COVID-19 on social exclusion, stigma, self-compassion, demoralization, and self-care. Results: The participants, mostly women (61.1%), showed high education (72.6%) and did not require hospitalization (90.5%). A total of 18.9% of the participants reported social exclusion, of which 86.7% were women; they only had a dose of the COVID-19 vaccine (60%), poor sleep quality (46.3%), and suffered stigma (12.6%) from relatives and\/or co-workers. Being female, not having the complete vaccination schedule and presenting stigma during COVID-19 were risk factors for social exclusion. Conclusion: Significant negative psychosocial consequences are observed in people who, in addition to suffering from COVID-19, suffer from social exclusion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22121775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T10:24:17Z","timestamp":1763979857000},"page":"1775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk Factors for Social Exclusion and Stigma in a Group of Non-Hospitalised Patients with COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Georgina","family":"Becerril-Serna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Outpatient Parenteral Drug Therapy, National Institute of Rehabilitation \u201cLuis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra\u201d, Mexico City 14389, Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Agreement Preparation and Supervision, Institute of Security and Social Services for State Workers, Mexico City 06350, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Franco-Cendejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Deputy Directorate, National Institute of Rehabilitation \u201cLuis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra\u201d, Mexico City 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4424-7067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Paz-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychology Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery \u201cManuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner-Musa, J., Ajayi, O., and Kemp, L. 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