{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T14:05:55Z","timestamp":1764857155898,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ates-Technical, Constructions and Sustainability division, part of administrative divisions of Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna"},{"name":"Institutional fund at DIMEC, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Urban air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), poses health risks, including damage to the ocular surface. This pilot study (BIKE-EYE) aimed to assess ocular exposure to airborne pollutants during bicycle commuting and to evaluate particle presence in human tear fluid. Methods: Fifteen healthy volunteers wore portable sensors measuring PM2.5 and PM10 during daily bike commutes over six months. Exposure was calculated as time-weighted integrals over the ten days preceding an ophthalmologic exam assessing conjunctival hyperemia, epithelial damage, tear film quality, and meibomian gland function. Ocular symptoms were assessed via the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI). Tear samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Results: Higher pollutant exposure was significantly associated with conjunctival hyperemia and corneal epithelial damage, while temperature and humidity showed no effect. OSDI scores moderately correlated with PM levels. SEM\/EDS analysis confirmed airborne particles in post-exposure tear samples, including carbonaceous material, aluminosilicates, iron, and sulfur compounds. Conclusions: Ocular surface alterations and conjunctival hyperemia were significantly associated with air pollution exposure, while subjective symptoms showed weaker trends. The detection of particulate matter in human tear fluid supports the use of the ocular surface as a sensitive, non-invasive tool for biomonitoring. These findings highlight its potential role in early warning systems for pollution-related health effects, with implications for public health surveillance and urban planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22121818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T13:53:30Z","timestamp":1764856410000},"page":"1818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Real-Life Assessment of Multi-Pollutant Exposure and Its Impact on the Ocular Surface: The Bike-Eye Pilot Study on Urban Cyclists in Bologna"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0444-7630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Battistini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DICAM, Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9359-8608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie","family":"Di Geronimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8041-1085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Porru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Medicine Unit, DIMEC, Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2143-9488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Vignali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DICAM, Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4721-9873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DICAM, Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Clougher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, DIMEC, Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Odorici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, DIMEC, Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4084-2782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Saverio","family":"Violante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Medicine Unit, DIMEC, Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Fontana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, DIMEC, Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2951-5337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piera","family":"Versura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, DIMEC, Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-016-0108-1","article-title":"Urban and transport planning, environmental exposures and health-new concepts, methods and tools to improve health in cities","volume":"15","author":"Nieuwenhuijsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. 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