{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T18:21:44Z","timestamp":1789842104147,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate change has a widespread impact on health across the continuum, influencing skin disease patterns, access to dermatologic care, and the burden of climate-sensitive conditions. Environmental changes driven by climate change impact the skin\u2019s ability to maintain homeostasis, contributing to the onset and exacerbation of various dermatologic diseases. Psoriasis, acne vulgaris, atopic dermatitis, photoaging, melasma, and skin cancers have been associated with repeated exposure to rising levels of pollutants. Furthermore, the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer has contributed to an elevated risk of developing skin cancer\u2014including melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma\u2014due to increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Notably, while melanoma is linked to intense, intermittent UV exposure and sunburns, basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas are more strongly associated with cumulative or chronic sun exposure over a lifetime. According to the World Health Organization, air pollution contributes to more than 700,000 premature deaths each year, and a 1% decrease in ozone thickness corresponds with a 2% rise in melanoma incidence. This review also identifies research gaps, such as limited longitudinal studies, underrepresentation of pediatric and elderly populations, and limited exploration of nitrosative stress mechanisms. Due to these factors, practitioners should be aware of both the current and projected impacts of climate change in their regions to effectively identify and manage associated conditions and exacerbations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22121820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T15:14:06Z","timestamp":1764861246000},"page":"1820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Environmental Determinants of Skin Health: Linking Climate Change, Air Pollution, and the Dermatologic Disease Burden"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Tarek","family":"Zieneldien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5756-6609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella J.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08901, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Busot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard A.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Yousef, H., Alhajj, M., Fakoya, A.O., and Sharma, S. (2025). Anatomy, Skin (Integument), Epidermis. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2020.11.004","article-title":"Impact of environmental changes on Dermatology","volume":"96","author":"Junior","year":"2021","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S131323","article-title":"Pollution and acne: Is there a link?","volume":"10","author":"Krutmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y.M., Kim, J., Han, Y., Jeon, B.H., Cheong, H.K., and Ahn, K. (2017). Short-term effects of weather and air pollution on atopic dermatitis symptoms in children: A panel study in Korea. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175229"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20483","article-title":"Air pollution-induced tanning of human skin","volume":"185","author":"Felsner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900913","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00913-2019","article-title":"Early life exposure to air pollution and incidence of childhood asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema","volume":"55","author":"To","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1093\/ced\/llae122","article-title":"Association of air pollution with incidence of late-onset seborrhoeic dermatitis: A prospective cohort study in UK Biobank","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manisalidis, I., Stavropoulou, E., Stavropoulos, A., and Bezirtzoglou, E. (2020). Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review. Front. Public Health, 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00014"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1039\/c7pp90043k","article-title":"Environmental effects of ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2017","volume":"17","author":"Bais","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/110477","article-title":"\u2018Smoging kills\u2019\u2014Effects of air pollution on human respiratory system","volume":"27","author":"Milanowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116429","article-title":"Air pollution and skin diseases: A comprehensive evaluation of the associated mechanism","volume":"278","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0203-1","article-title":"Clearing the air: A review of the effects of particulate matter air pollution on human health","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.07.019","article-title":"A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.133948","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and its effects on human health: An overeview","volume":"296","author":"Mallah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109726","article-title":"Exposure assessment of PAHs on duplicate diet, indoor dust, and air measurements, and comparison with urinary biomonitoring: A family-based panel (CAFE-P) study","volume":"203","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sousa, G., Teixeira, J., Delerue-Matos, C., Sarmento, B., Morais, S., Wang, X., Rodrigues, F., and Oliveira, M. (2022). Exposure to PAHs during Firefighting Activities: A Review on Skin Levels, In Vitro\/In Vivo Bioavailability, and Health Risks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912677"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.10.005","article-title":"Dietary and inhalation exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and urinary excretion of monohydroxy metabolites\u2014A controlled case study in Beijing, China","volume":"184","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171492","article-title":"Effects and mechanisms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in inflammatory skin diseases","volume":"925","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145968","article-title":"Long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"776","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13257","article-title":"Bad air gets under your skin","volume":"26","author":"Koohgoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J.J., Wei, Y., and Fang, Z. (2019). Ozone Pollution: A Major Health Hazard Worldwide. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02518"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"33","article-title":"A Review of the Chemistry, Pesticide Use, and Environmental Fate of Sulfur Dioxide, as Used in California","volume":"246","author":"Craig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.5487\/TR.2015.31.2.089","article-title":"Influences of Environmental Chemicals on Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"295","article-title":"The relationship between outdoor air pollutants and atopic dermatitis of adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Hsiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Overbeek, S.A., Braber, S., Koelink, P.J., Henricks, P.A., Mortaz, E., LoTam Loi, A.T., Jackson, P.L., Garssen, J., Wagenaar, G.T., and Timens, W. (2013). Cigarette smoke-induced collagen destruction; key to chronic neutrophilic airway inflammation?. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/0faf4c12-4fd4-474c-b5a4-16e49370aff3"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2007.06.015","article-title":"Tobacco smoke causes premature skin aging","volume":"48","author":"Morita","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadac-Czapska, K., O\u015bko, J., Knez, E., and Grembecka, M. (2024). Microplastics and Oxidative Stress-Current Problems and Prospects. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13050579"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16167","article-title":"Microplastics in dermatology: Potential effects on skin homeostasis","volume":"23","author":"Aristizabal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Yu, S., Choo, J., Lee, H., and Hwang, S.Y. (2025). Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance-Induced Skin Barrier Disruption and the Potential Role of Calcitriol in Atopic Dermatitis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157085"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169702","article-title":"Understanding the effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on early skin development: Role of ciliogenesis inhibition and altered microtubule dynamics","volume":"913","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.127049","article-title":"In vitro assessment of dermal penetration and skin barrier impairment by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from consumer products","volume":"385","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paik, K., Na, J.I., Huh, C.H., and Shin, J.W. (2024). Particulate Matter and Its Molecular Effects on Skin: Implications for Various Skin Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25189888"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2025.03.040","article-title":"Evidence that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor orchestrates oxinflammatory responses and contributes to airborne particulate matter-induced skin aging","volume":"233","author":"Hartung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.17867","article-title":"Impact of Air Pollution on Skin Pigmentation: Mechanisms and Protective Strategies","volume":"64","author":"Khunger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christou, A., Giechaskiel, B., Olofsson, U., and Grigoratos, T. (2025). Review of Health Effects of Automotive Brake and Tyre Wear Particles. Toxics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13040301"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116782","article-title":"A review of tire wear particles: Occurrence, adverse effects, and control strategies","volume":"283","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Broekhuizen, P. (2025, October 05). Airborne Release of Tyre Wear Particles\u2014Update. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Pieter-Broekhuizen\/publication\/378309611_Airborne_release_of_tyre_wear_particles_-_update_2024\/links\/65d38ffe01325d465211d375\/Airborne-release-of-tyre-wear-particles-update-2024.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lebaka, V.R., Ravi, P., Reddy, M.C., Thummala, C., and Mandal, T.K. (2025). Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Modern Science and Technology: Multifunctional Roles in Healthcare, Environmental Remediation, and Industry. Nanomaterials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15100754"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaudagna, M.V., Aiassa, V., Marcotti, A., Pince Beti, M.F., Constant\u00edn, M.F., P\u00e9rez, M.F., Zoppi, A., Becerra, M.C., and Silvero, M.J. (2023). Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in sunscreens and skin photo-damage. Development, synthesis and characterization of a novel biocompatible alternative based on their in vitro and in vivo study. J. Photochem. Photobiol., 15.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpap.2023.100173"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araki, S.M., and Baby, A.R. (2025). New Perspectives on Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide as Inorganic UV Filters: Advances, Safety, Challenges, and Environmental Considerations. Cosmetics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics12020077"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"337","article-title":"Pollution as a risk factor for the development of melasma and other skin disorders of facial hyperpigmentation\u2014Is there a case to be made?","volume":"14","author":"Roberts","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12222","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140612222","article-title":"UV radiation and the skin","volume":"14","author":"Jarrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2020.08.007","article-title":"Global warming, heat-related illnesses, and the dermatologist","volume":"7","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2023.08.007","article-title":"The impact of temperature on the skin barrier and atopic dermatitis","volume":"131","author":"Goleva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montero-Vilchez, T., Segura-Fern\u00e1ndez-Nogueras, M.V., P\u00e9rez-Rodr\u00edguez, I., Soler-Gongora, M., Martinez-Lopez, A., Fern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez, A., Molina-Leyva, A., and Arias-Santiago, S. (2021). Skin Barrier Function in Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis: Transepidermal Water Loss and Temperature as Useful Tools to Assess Disease Severity. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020359"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12512258","article-title":"The relationship of transepidermal water loss to skin temperature in psoriasis and eczema","volume":"64","author":"Grice","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2537","article-title":"The skin microbiome","volume":"9","author":"Grice","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.274","article-title":"Warm, humid, and high sun exposure climates are associated with poorly controlled eczema: PEER (Pediatric Eczema Elective Registry) cohort, 2004-2012","volume":"134","author":"Sargen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joclim.2022.100162","article-title":"The dermatological manifestations of extreme weather events: A comprehensive review of skin disease and vulnerability","volume":"8","author":"Parker","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clim. Change Health"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15583","article-title":"The impact of airborne pollution on skin","volume":"33","author":"Araviiskaia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"e145185","article-title":"Particulate matter causes skin barrier dysfunction","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-023-00770-y","article-title":"Climate Change, Skin Health, and Dermatologic Disease: A Guide for the Dermatologist","volume":"24","author":"Belzer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.13959","article-title":"Dysregulation of the epithelial barrier by environmental and other exogenous factors","volume":"85","author":"Mitamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.16297","article-title":"Climate change, the cutaneous microbiome and skin disease: Implications for a warming world","volume":"62","author":"Isler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdrv.2025.05.001","article-title":"The Impact of Pollution and Climate Change on Skin Health: Mechanisms, Protective Strategies, and Future Directions","volume":"6","author":"Haykal","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAAD Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2014.35.3786","article-title":"Risk factors for the development of atopic dermatitis and early wheeze","volume":"35","author":"Stelmach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.3c00531","article-title":"Aging Hallmarks and Progression and Age-Related Diseases: A Landscape View of Research Advancement","volume":"15","author":"Tenchov","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tampa, M., Nicolae, I., Ene, C.D., Mitran, C.I., Mitran, M.I., Matei, C., and Georgescu, S.R. (2024). The Interplay between Nitrosative Stress, Inflammation, and Antioxidant Defense in Patients with Lichen Planus. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13060670"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.ijd_917_20","article-title":"Assessment of Oxidative\/Nitrosative Stress and Raftlin in Vitiligo","volume":"67","author":"Mulayim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6720","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14046720","article-title":"Cytokines and the skin barrier","volume":"14","author":"Cornelissen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"e104","article-title":"Transepidermal water loss (TEWL): Environment and pollution\u2014A systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Green","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ski. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.385","article-title":"Characterization of tight junctions and their disruption by UVB in human epidermis and cultured keratinocytes","volume":"131","author":"Yuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sopian, N.A., Jalaludin, J., Abu Bakar, S., Hamedon, T.R., and Latif, M.T. (2021). Exposure to Particulate PAHs on Potential Genotoxicity and Cancer Risk among School Children Living Near the Petrochemical Industry. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052575"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116206","article-title":"Outdoor fine particulate matter exposure and telomere length in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"275","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-025-01642-z","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis: A comprehensive updated review of this intriguing disease with futuristic insights","volume":"33","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bocheva, G., Slominski, R.M., and Slominski, A.T. (2023). Environmental Air Pollutants Affecting Skin Functions with Systemic Implications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310502"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2021-0257","article-title":"Psoriasis: A brief overview","volume":"21","author":"Raharja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2021.33.2.138","article-title":"Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Autophagy-Related Protein Microtubule-Associated Protein Light Chain 3 Expression in Psoriasis","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2021.6019","article-title":"Association Between Short-term Exposure to Environmental Air Pollution and Psoriasis Flare","volume":"158","author":"Bellinato","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-024-01147-9","article-title":"The role of the environment in allergic skin disease","volume":"24","author":"Faraz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2023.08.610","article-title":"Factors by which global warming worsens allergic disease","volume":"131","author":"Seastedt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000001237","article-title":"Climate change, air pollution, pollen allergy and extreme atmospheric events","volume":"35","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2020.11.001","article-title":"Air pollution and skin disorders","volume":"7","author":"Roberts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgh353","article-title":"Ultrafine particulate matter and high-level benzene urban air pollution in relation to oxidative DNA damage","volume":"26","author":"Avogbe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.03.039","article-title":"Air pollution and skin diseases: Adverse effects of airborne particulate matter on various skin diseases","volume":"152","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"511","article-title":"Occupational exposure to carbon black and risk of cancer","volume":"15","author":"Puntoni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105041","article-title":"Burden of typical diseases attributed to the sources of PM(2.5)-bound toxic metals in Beijing: An integrated approach to source apportionment and QALYs","volume":"131","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.24.159","article-title":"Air Pollution and Skin Diseases","volume":"37","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.15430\/JCP.2021.26.3.153","article-title":"Genomic Approach to the Assessment of Adverse Effects of Particulate Matters on Skin Cancer and Other Disorders and Underlying Molecular Mechanisms","volume":"26","author":"Kee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2006.02448.x","article-title":"Influence of short-term exposure to airborne Der p 1 and volatile organic compounds on skin barrier function and dermal blood flow in patients with atopic eczema and healthy individuals","volume":"36","author":"Breuer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"975","article-title":"Clinical Efficacy of a Novel Two-Part Skincare System on Pollution-Induced Skin Damage","volume":"17","author":"Makino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2023.01.018","article-title":"Association between short-term exposure to environmental air pollution and atopic dermatitis flare in patients treated with dupilumab","volume":"11","author":"Bellinato","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAAD Int."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljae391","article-title":"Joint exposure to multiple air pollutants, genetic risk and incident psoriasis: A large-scale prospective cohort study","volume":"192","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2015.36.3867","article-title":"The effect of prenatal exposure to phthalates on food allergy and early eczema in inner-city children","volume":"36","author":"Stelmach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2010.01224.x","article-title":"Tobacco smoke is related to Th17 generation with clinical implications for psoriasis patients","volume":"20","author":"Torii","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"81","article-title":"Climate Justice, Humans Rights, and the Case for Reparations","volume":"23","author":"Chapman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Hum. Rights"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, P., Wang, D., Luo, J., Li, S., Li, M.M., Chen, H., Duan, Y., Fan, J., Cheng, Z., and Zhao, M.M. (2022). Relationship between air pollution and childhood atopic dermatitis in Chongqing, China: A time-series analysis. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.990464"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quiros-Roldan, E., Sottini, A., Natali, P.G., and Imberti, L. (2024). The Impact of Immune System Aging on Infectious Diseases. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040775"},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"e78468","article-title":"Clinical Pattern of Dermatological Diseases in Geriatric Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study From Central India","volume":"17","author":"Sadhwani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2238594","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.38594","article-title":"Association of Exposure to Wildfire Air Pollution With Exacerbations of Atopic Dermatitis and Itch Among Older Adults","volume":"5","author":"Fadadu","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5551","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102946","article-title":"Aging-associated alterations in epidermal function and their clinical significance","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13603","article-title":"Skin cancer risk in outdoor workers: A European multicenter case-control study","volume":"30","author":"Trakatelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, P., Yang, Z., Fan, Z., Wang, B., Tang, Y., Xiao, Y., Chen, X., Luo, D., Xiao, S., and Li, J. (2023). Associations of polysocial risk score with incident rosacea: A prospective cohort study of government employees in China. Front. Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1096687"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-015-0069-5","article-title":"Socioeconomic Disparities and Air Pollution Exposure: A Global Review","volume":"2","author":"Hajat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3082","article-title":"Socioeconomic Status and the Prevalence of Skin and Atopic Diseases in Five European Countries","volume":"99","author":"Ofenloch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Derm.-Venereol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"adv42622","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v105.42622","article-title":"Introducing Social Dermatology","volume":"105","author":"Christensen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"50","article-title":"Environmental Impact and Sustainability Associated with the Practice of Dermatology","volume":"18","author":"Vanaria","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(97)00029-8","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer of humans","volume":"40","author":"Urbach","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2020.08.002","article-title":"Climate change and dermatology: An introduction to a special topic, for this special issue","volume":"7","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2003.131230","article-title":"Invasive fungal infections after natural disasters","volume":"20","author":"Benedict","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis1028","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis acquired in Washington State","volume":"56","author":"Goldoft","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2020.05.015","article-title":"Combating climate change in the clinic: Cost-effective strategies to decrease the carbon footprint of outpatient dermatologic practice","volume":"7","author":"Fathy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16688","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16688","article-title":"Influences on Skin and Intrinsic Aging: Biological, Environmental, and Therapeutic Insights","volume":"24","author":"Hussein","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"(2025, July 02). Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2022 Executive Summary, Available online: https:\/\/csl.noaa.gov\/assessments\/ozone\/2022\/executivesummary\/."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"American Academy of Dermatology Association (2025, July 09). Position Statement on Climate and Health. Available online: https:\/\/server.aad.org\/forms\/policies\/Uploads\/PS\/PS%20-%20Climate%20and%20Health.pdf."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2024.12.015","article-title":"The Voice of the American Dermatological Association: 2025 Official Policy Statement on Climate Change","volume":"145","author":"Parker","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.17810","article-title":"Environmental Impact of Dermatology and Action Towards It: A Narrative Review","volume":"64","author":"Niebel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1093\/ced\/llad017","article-title":"Sizing up the samples: Evaluating packaging waste generated by cosmeceutical products","volume":"48","author":"Duff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/22\/12\/1820\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T15:14:50Z","timestamp":1764861290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/22\/12\/1820"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph22121820"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph22121820","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]}}}