{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T09:37:18Z","timestamp":1778319438988,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54MD12397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54MD12397"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S21MD010690*"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S21MD010690*"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rural and unincorporated communities (UCs) experience persistent health disparities driven by limited healthcare infrastructure, geographic isolation, and socioeconomic inequities. Health literacy (HL), the ability to obtain, understand, and use health information, is a critical yet underexplored determinant of health outcomes in these settings. This study examined HL and barriers to healthcare and health information access among low-income adults living with chronic conditions in nine rural UCs in Southern California. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was administered in English or Spanish to 222 respondents during community food distribution events. The questionnaire included demographics, self-reported health status, chronic disease history, perceived access to care and health information, trust in information sources and HL assessment using the Newest Vital Sign (NVS). Over four-fifths (82.7%) of respondents demonstrated limited or possibly limited HL. Although Spanish-speaking respondents scored significantly lower than English speakers on the NVS, language was not a significant predictor of HL after adjusting for age, gender, education and Hispanic origin. Lower education and older age were associated with reduced HL. One in four respondents reported barriers to healthcare access, primarily due to distance and appointment availability. Over half of the respondents reported difficulty accessing or understanding health information, regardless of HL or demographic characteristics. Doctors were the most trusted source of health information, while trust in government and religious organizations was lowest. Findings reveal pervasive low HL and broad challenges accessing care and health information across rural UCs, highlighting the structural and educational inequities underlying these disparities. Addressing these gaps requires community-driven, bilingual, and culturally resonant strategies that build trust, enhance communication, and strengthen health system accessibility for residents of unincorporated rural regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23010021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T14:05:22Z","timestamp":1766498722000},"page":"21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bridging the Gap: Health Education Needs Among Rural Populations with Chronic Illness and Low Health Literacy in Unincorporated Communities in Southern California"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6235-3608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiloh A.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SDSU IV RISE Center, San Diego State University\u2013Imperial Valley, Brawley, CA 92227, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2581-5990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan C.","family":"Shriver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Candace C.","family":"Juhala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1037\/rmh0000224","article-title":"\u201cIt\u2019s easier to go to the beer store than ask for help\u201d: A qualitative exploration of barriers to health care in rural farming communities","volume":"47","author":"Hopkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rural Ment. 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