{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T14:38:28Z","timestamp":1782139108501,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traffic police officers represent a critical occupational group with high vulnerability to vehicular air pollution, a severe environmental health threat in rapidly urbanizing metropolises such as Addis Ababa. This cross-sectional study explored occupational exposure, protective practices, health risks, perceptions, and awareness of air-quality-associated health risks among 120 traffic police officers in Addis Ababa. The officers were mostly male (80%) and married (93.3%), with the majority (62.6%) having served for more than ten years. While vehicle emissions were consistently recognized as the main source of air pollution, critical knowledge gaps were identified, i.e., only 24.2% had received pollution-related training, fewer than half (45.8%) were aware of government policies, and just 9.2% reported collaboration with environmental authorities. Awareness of the Air Quality Index (AQI) was generally low, and regular monitoring of AQI was limited. Self-reported health symptoms were highly prevalent among participants, with cough (75.0%), eye irritation (61.7%), sneezing (58.3%), and runny nose (55.8%) being the most frequently reported. Notably, sneezing, runny nose, eye irritation, and psychological stress showed significant association with perceived pollution levels at the workplace (p &lt; 0.05), while blood pressure, cough, difficulty concentrating, and sleep loss were not significantly associated (p &gt; 0.05). A higher prevalence of symptoms was generally observed in groups experiencing moderate-to-very high levels of pollution. Protective measures were applied inconsistently; while 63.3% of participants reported using masks, their beliefs about the effectiveness of using masks varied. Relocation (60%) and use of face covers\/glasses (13.3%) were less commonly practiced. Overall, traffic police officers are exposed to occupational air pollution, which is associated with various health symptoms. These findings highlight the need for enhanced training, clearer communication of policies, stronger institutional engagement, the provision of standardized protective masks, and the promotion of AQI utilization to reduce occupational health risks and safeguard the wellbeing of traffic police officers in Addis Ababa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23010060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:34:23Z","timestamp":1767198863000},"page":"60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices of Traffic Police Officers Towards Air Pollution in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: An Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7613-5619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andualem","family":"Ayele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9128-0401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andualem","family":"Mekonnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5582-7150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eyale","family":"Bayable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3733-5800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc N.","family":"Fiddler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marketing and Supply Chain Management, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5064-7695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solomon","family":"Bililign","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, Space Science and Astronomy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"HEI (2024). State of Global Air, 2024, Special Report, Health Effects Institute."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"HEI (2025). State of Global Air 2025, Health Effects Institute."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e681","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00201-1","article-title":"Air pollution and development in Africa: Impacts on health, the economy, and human capital","volume":"5","author":"Fisher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"HEI (2025). Health Effects of Air Pollution in East Africa: Current Evidence and Priorities for Future Action, Health Effects Institute."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, J., Jia, W., Croitoru, L., Guttikunda, S., and Grutter, J. (2021). Safe to Breathe Analyses and Recommendations for Improving Ambient Air Quality Management in Ethiopia, The World Bank Group. World Bank Open Knowledge Respository.","DOI":"10.1596\/36287"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"UNDP (2024). Ethiopia Environmental Protection Agency and Ethiopia Ministry of Health. Investment Case Study for Air Pollution Reduction in Ethiopia, UNDP."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terfa, B.K., Chen, N., Liu, D., Zhang, X., and Niyogi, D. (2019). Urban Expansion in Ethiopia from 1987 to 2017: Characteristics, Spatial Patterns, and Driving Forces. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11102973"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Abiye, Y. (2020). Registered vehicle in Ethiopia reaches 1.2 mln. The Reporter, Media and Communications Center."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"100144","article-title":"Diesel-fueled public transport vehicles and air pollution in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Effects of vehicle size, age and kilometers travelled","volume":"13","author":"Kebede","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ. X"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2020.08.018","article-title":"Roadside vehicle particulate matter concentration estimation using artificial neural network model in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"101","author":"Jida","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e36477","article-title":"Contribution of congested traffic flow condition to air pollution at intersections in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"Moges","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tefera, W., Kumie, A., Berhane, K., Gilliland, F., Lai, A., Sricharoenvech, P., Patz, J., Samet, J., and Schauer, J.J. (2021). Source Apportionment of Fine Organic Particulate Matter (PM(2.5)) in Central Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111608"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, J., Liu, X., Dai, B., Liu, T., Haider, F.U., Zhang, P., and Cai, J. (2025). Tyre Wear Particles in the Environment: Sources, Toxicity, and Remediation Approaches. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17125433"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giechaskiel, B., Grigoratos, T., Mathissen, M., Quik, J., Tromp, P., Gustafsson, M., Franco, V., and Dilara, P. (2024). Contribution of Road Vehicle Tyre Wear to Microplastics and Ambient Air Pollution. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16020522"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9167","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c13202","article-title":"Emissions of Nitrous Acid, Nitryl Chloride, and Dinitrogen Pentoxide Associated with Automotive Braking","volume":"59","author":"Cooke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137823","article-title":"Tyre and road wear particles (TRWP)\u2014A review of generation, properties, emissions, human health risk, ecotoxicity, and fate in the environment","volume":"733","author":"Kocher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2020.203539","article-title":"Analysis of wear induced particle emissions from brake pads during the worldwide harmonized light vehicles test procedure (WLTP)","volume":"466\u2013467","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-024-00617-2","article-title":"Copper-enriched automotive brake wear particles perturb human alveolar cellular homeostasis","volume":"22","author":"Parkin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.09.040","article-title":"On-road vehicle emissions and their control in China: A review and outlook","volume":"574","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.10.1127","article-title":"Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Hospital Admission for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases","volume":"295","author":"Dominici","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9320603","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9320603","article-title":"Children under Five from Houses of Unclean Fuel Sources and Poorly Ventilated Houses Have Higher Odds of Suffering from Acute Respiratory Infection in Wolaita-Sodo, Southern Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study","volume":"2018","author":"Admasie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0394-0","article-title":"Mechanisms of ultrafine particle-induced respiratory health effects","volume":"52","author":"Leikauf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.114961","article-title":"Short-term associations of low-level fine particulate matter (PM2.5) with cardiorespiratory hospitalizations in 139 Japanese cities","volume":"258","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.IJCM_102_19","article-title":"A Study on Respiratory Morbidities and Pulmonary Functions among Traffic Policemen in Bengaluru City","volume":"45","author":"Gowda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Community Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manisalidis, I., Stavropoulou, E., Stavropoulos, A., and Bezirtzoglou, E. (2020). Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review. Front. Public Health, 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00014"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e542","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00145-5","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and the risk of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke","volume":"5","author":"Verhoeven","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chpulm.2024.100053","article-title":"Association of Short-Term Increases in Ambient Fine Particulate Matter with Hospitalization for Asthma or COPD During Wildfire Season and Other Time Periods","volume":"2","author":"Horne","year":"2024","journal-title":"CHEST Pulm."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s44407-025-00018-5","article-title":"Effects of airborne particulate exposure on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage risk: Brief communication","volume":"1","author":"Bounajem","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Clean Air"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.035498","article-title":"Ambient Air Pollution and Stroke: An Updated Review","volume":"54","author":"Kulick","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107262","article-title":"Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and selected health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"164","author":"Boogaard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"716257","article-title":"Knowledge and Practice on Prevention of Respiratory Health Problems among Traffic Police in Kathmandu, Nepal","volume":"2015","author":"Gautam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Sch. Res. Not."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balogun, A.O., Weigel, M.M., Est\u00e9vez, E., and Armijos, R.X. (2023). Chronic Occupational Exposure to Traffic Pollution Is Associated with Increased Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Healthy Urban Traffic Control Police. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20176701"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/air2010001","article-title":"A Study on the Impact of Air Pollution on Health Status of Traffic Police Personnel in Kolkata, India","volume":"2","author":"Kar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Air"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/10406026.2017.1390357","article-title":"Exposure of Air Pollution and Its Health Effects in Traffic Police Persons of Gwalior City, India","volume":"29","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Claims J."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"104","article-title":"Analysis and Perception of Health Impact of Motor Vehicle Emissions on Traffic Police in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"5","author":"Mukaria","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Pollut. Hum. Health"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"111","article-title":"Traffic Police Knowledge Awareness, Attitude and Practice on Motor Vehicle Pollution City of Nairobi-Kenya","volume":"5","author":"Mukaria","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Pollut. Hum. Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tefera, W., Abera, K., Kiros, B., Frank, G., Alexandra, L., Piyaporn, S., Jonathan, S., Jonathan, P., and Schauer, J.J. (2020). Chemical Characterization and Seasonality of Ambient Particles (PM2.5) in the City Centre of Addis Ababa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17196998"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e155","DOI":"10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000155","article-title":"Fine particulate pollution concentration in Addis Ababa exceeds the WHO guideline value: Results of 3 years of continuous monitoring and health impact assessment","volume":"5","author":"Kumie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11786302241312061","DOI":"10.1177\/11786302241312061","article-title":"Health and Economic Impact Estimation of Ambient Air Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Pollution in Addis Ababa Using BenMAP-CE Model","volume":"19","author":"Getachew","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Health Insights"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taye, A.E., Chandravanshi, B.S., Beshah, F.Z., and Sahle-Demessie, E. (2024). Elemental composition and health risk assessment of PM10, PM2.5, at different microenvironments: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309995"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"ESS (2024, June 30). Projected Population, Available online: https:\/\/ess.gov.et\/download\/projected_population-2024\/."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2013.08.002","article-title":"Addis Ababa, Ethiopia\u2013Africa\u2019s diplomatic capital","volume":"35","author":"Wubneh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.4236\/jamp.2020.87092","article-title":"Numerical Modeling of Dust Propagation in the Atmosphere of a City with Complex Terrain. The Case of Background Eastern Light Air","volume":"8","author":"Surmava","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Math. Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Guo, X., Zhao, T., Xu, X., Zheng, X., Li, Y., Luo, L., Gui, K., Zheng, Y., and Shu, Z. (2022). Effect of large topography on atmospheric environment in Sichuan Basin: A climate analysis based on changes in atmospheric visibility. Front. Earth Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2022.997586"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Wang, X., Li, J., Zhu, L., and Chen, Y. (2022). Numerical Simulation of Topography Impact on Transport and Source Apportionment on PM2. 5 in a Polluted City in Fenwei Plain. Atmosphere, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13020233"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27116","article-title":"Grid-based climate variability analysis of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"Mekonnen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"720","article-title":"Post-stratification Weighting Adjustment Technique for Reducing Bias in Volunteer Panel Web Surveys","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Sci. Humanit. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashem, R.B., Siddique, A.B., Rasel, S.M., and Hossain, M.S. (2024). Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding air pollution among traffic polices in Dhaka city, Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-21086-4"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mengesha, S.D., Teklu, K.T., Weldetinsae, A., Serte, M.G., Kenea, M.A., Dinssa, D.A., Woldegabriel, M.G., Alemayehu, T.A., and Belay, W.M. (2022). Tobacco use prevalence and its determinate factor in Ethiopia- finding of the 2016 Ethiopian GATS. BMC Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12893-8"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2024.103001","article-title":"Are facemasks effective against particulate matter pollution? Evidence from the field","volume":"125","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Econ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s44274-025-00213-x","article-title":"People\u2019s perceptions of air pollution and their awareness of official indexes at the start of the twenty-first century: A review","volume":"3","author":"Pinakidou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28414","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79905-y","article-title":"Understanding factors influencing adoption of air pollution protective measures using the knowledge-attitude-behavior model","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2021.101677","article-title":"Communication channels for receiving air quality alerts among adults in the United States","volume":"25","author":"Tompkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramondt, S., and Ram\u00edrez, A.S. (2020). Media Reporting on Air Pollution: Health Risk and Precautionary Measures in National and Regional Newspapers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-15562\/v1"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-022-00449-2","article-title":"Public engagement with air quality data: Using health behaviour change theory to support exposure-minimising behaviours","volume":"33","author":"McCarron","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envc.2025.101237","article-title":"Promoting air quality-related awareness and behavioural change: A rapid review of communication interventions integrating behavioural, science communication and socio-ecological perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Cibin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Chall."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19861","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-69992-2","article-title":"Air pollution, health status and public awareness of environmental problems in China","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1","article-title":"Topher Byamukama Outdoor Air Pollution Exposure: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Traffic Police Officers in Makindye Division, Kampala City","volume":"1","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Soc. Sci. Manag."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"726","article-title":"Used Vehicles Survival Rates and Their Impacts on Urban Air Quality of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"Kebede","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. (IJERT)"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emole, E., and Avis, R. (2025). Causes and Consequences of Air Pollution in Ethiopia. K4DD Rapid Evidence Review, The Institute of Development Studies and Partner Organisations.","DOI":"10.19088\/K4DD.2025.075"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12575","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c02297","article-title":"Low-Cost Hourly Ambient Black Carbon Measurements at Multiple Cities in Africa","volume":"58","author":"Anand","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bethlehem, J. (2009). Applied Survey Methods: A Statistical Perspective, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470494998"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/1\/60\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T13:43:44Z","timestamp":1767620624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/1\/60"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph23010060"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph23010060","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]}}}