{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T06:01:53Z","timestamp":1771135313086,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Michele Mega Scholarship","award":["----"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["----"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) results from premature release of meconium by the fetus under stressful conditions and is associated with increased risk of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Risk factors for stressful conditions may differ between women living in highly developed countries and those in low-income countries. This study aimed to evaluate known and potential risk factors for MSAF and to assess the association between MSAF and maternal and neonatal morbidity. This prospective case\u2013control study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Wolisso, Ethiopia. A total of 165 women were enrolled and divided into two groups: group A (65 women with MSAF) and group B (100 women with clear amniotic fluid). Data were collected through medical records (pregnancy, maternal and fetal outcomes) and questionnaires (socioeconomic factors). Women with MSAF had statistically significant differences in distance traveled, means of transportation, travel time to reach the hospital, weekly workload, and family income compared to controls. Higher rates of intrapartum monitoring abnormalities and operative deliveries were also observed among women with MSAF. The socioeconomic situation of pregnant women referred to the hospital in Wolisso appears to be related to the occurrence of MSAF. Recognizing these risk factors is crucial to improving quality of care and maternal\u2013fetal health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23020231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T17:45:36Z","timestamp":1770831936000},"page":"231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Socioeconomic and Clinical Risk Factors for Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid and Associated Maternal\u2013Neonatal Morbidity in Ethiopia: A Prospective Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4771-031X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loris","family":"Marin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Ambrosini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Valentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordyn","family":"Conley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9428-4363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Andrisani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tolu, L.B., Birara, M., Teshome, T., and Feyissa, G.T. (2020). Perinatal Outcome of Meconium Stained Amniotic Fluid among Labouring Mothers at Teaching Referral Hospital in Urban Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242025"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2020.10.008","article-title":"Perinatal Characteristics and Delivery Room Management of Infants Born through MSAF","volume":"157","author":"Reed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2017.04.002","article-title":"Meconium \u201cAspiration\u201d (or Respiratory Distress Associated with Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid?)","volume":"22","author":"Vain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.11.1283","article-title":"Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid","volume":"228","author":"Gallo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"e24464","article-title":"Impact of Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid on Neonatal Outcome in a Tertiary Hospital","volume":"14","author":"Parween","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dessalegn, M., Ayele, M., Hailu, Y., Addisu, G., Abebe, S., Solomon, H., Mogess, G., and Stulz, V. (2020). Gender Inequality and the Sexual and Reproductive Health Status of Young and Older Women in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124592"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102013005000005","article-title":"Meconium-stained amniotic fluid and maternal and neonatal factors associated","volume":"46","author":"Osava","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5520117","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5520117","article-title":"Prevalence and Factors Associated with Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid in a Tertiary Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"2021","author":"Abate","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Addisu, D., Asres, A., Gedefaw, G., and Asmer, S. (2018). Prevalence of Meconium Stained Amniotic Fluid and Its Associated Factors among Women Who Gave Birth at Term in Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospital, North West Ethiopia: A Facility Based Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-2056-y"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v33i2.6","article-title":"Meconium Stained Amniotic Fluid and Associated Factors among Women Who Gave Birth at Term in Adama Hospital Medical College, Ethiopia","volume":"33","author":"Dereje","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ethiop. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1203\/pdr.0b013e31802d8a81","article-title":"Elevated Plasma Corticotrophin Release Factor Levels and in Utero Meconium Passage","volume":"61","author":"Lakshmanan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-024-03473-0","article-title":"Associations of Maternal Lifestyle Factors with Inadequate Pregnancy Weight Gain: Findings from the Baseline Data of the LIMIT Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"63","author":"Alemayohu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"e75703","article-title":"Exercise Intervention to Mitigate the Cardiovascular Sequence of Pregnancy Complications","volume":"16","author":"Rawat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2023.03.038","article-title":"High-Intensity Exercise during Pregnancy\u2014A Position Paper by the European Board and College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (EBCOG)","volume":"285","author":"Harmsworth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000222","article-title":"The Elite Athlete and Strenuous Exercise in Pregnancy","volume":"59","author":"Pivarnik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12837","article-title":"A case study analysis of a successful birth center in northern Uganda","volume":"51","author":"Telfer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Njiro, B.J., Ngowi, J.E., Mlunde, L., Munishi, C., Kapologwe, N., Kengia, J.T., Deng, L., Timbrell, A., Kitinya, W.J., and Sunguya, B.F. (2023). Towards sustainable emergence transportation system for maternal and new born: Lessons from the m-mama innovative pilot program in Shinyanga, Tanzania. PLoS Glob. Public Health, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002097"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munishi, C., Mateshi, G., Mlunde, L.B., Njiro, B.J., Ngowi, J.E., Kengia, J.T., Kapologwe, N.A., Deng, L., Timbrell, A., and Kitinya, W. (2023). Community-based transport system in Shinyanga, Tanzania: A local innovation averting delays to access health care for maternal emergencies. PLoS Glob. Public Health, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001487"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2008.04.001","article-title":"Motorcycle ambulances for referral of obstetric emergencies in rural Malawi: Do they reduce delay and what do they cost?","volume":"102","author":"Hofman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"675","article-title":"Maternal mortality in the Thyolo District of southern Malawi","volume":"69","author":"Chiphangwi","year":"1992","journal-title":"East. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.2934","article-title":"Emergency Transportation Interventions for Reducing Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review","volume":"86","author":"Alaofe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17302","article-title":"A Case-Control Study of the Interaction of Fetal Heart Rate Abnormalities, Fetal Growth Restriction, Meconium in the Amniotic Fluid and Tachysystole, in Relation to the Outcome of Labour","volume":"130","author":"Steer","year":"2023","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tantu, T., Melkamu, B., Gunta, M., Tantu, T., Aregawi, Y., and Gashaw, D. (2024). Prevalence of Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid and Factors Associated with Emergency Cesarean Section: Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study in South Central Ethiopia. Front. Glob. Women\u2019s Health, 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2024.1516665"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/2\/231\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T05:12:01Z","timestamp":1771132321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/2\/231"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph23020231"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph23020231","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]}}}