{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T21:28:31Z","timestamp":1784842111643,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24DK132715"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24DK132715"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Nursing\u2019s Research, Education, and Quality Improvement Pilot Grant"},{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Tar Heel Bus Tour Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Law enforcement officers experience substantial occupational stressors that increase vulnerability to food addiction and cardiovascular disease (CVD), which may be compounded by adverse local environments. This study examined associations among county-level environmental factors, food addiction, and cardiometabolic profiles among North Carolina law enforcement officers. Participants included 330 officers (mean age = 37.98 years; mean BMI = 30.53 kg\/m2) who completed the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 and underwent assessments of anthropometrics, blood pressure, blood lipids, and glucose. County-level Food Environment Index (FEI) scores and counts of fast-food restaurants, recreation and fitness facilities, and crime events were obtained from public data sources. Comparative analyses evaluated differences by county type and region, and BMI- and sex-adjusted regression models assessed associations among environmental factors, food addiction symptoms, and cardiometabolic profiles. Rural counties had significantly poorer FEI scores than suburban and urban counties, and rural officers reported the highest food addiction symptoms. Lower FEI scores were significantly associated with greater food addiction symptoms, which were, in turn, associated with higher adiposity and lower triglyceride levels. The findings support associations between food addiction and CVD risk, while underscoring potential influences of food environments on food addiction, warranting further investigation using more precise and up-to-date measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23030311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T14:55:01Z","timestamp":1772463301000},"page":"311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Environmental Influences on Food Addiction and Cardiometabolic Profiles in Law Enforcement Officers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yunzhi","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0222-2066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace E.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8990-3449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ya-Ke","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Stress, sleep, and cardiovascular risk in police officers: A scoping review","volume":"9","author":"Magnavita","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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