{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:18:48Z","timestamp":1772777928467,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NAS"},{"name":"USAID","award":["AID-OAA-A-11-00012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AID-OAA-A-11-00012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the importance of wastewater environmental monitoring in disease prevention and response strategies, its use remains poorly documented in Senegal. In addition, there is more onsite sanitation than sewer networks in Dakar, and open drains channel for rainwater are also used as clandestine wastewater discharge into the sea. This study aimed to assess the presence of specific pathogens in wastewater, faecal sludge, and bathing water (the sea). Samples were taken at treatment plants, an open drain, and in the receiving environment (the sea) from June to December 2023. Total nucleic acid was subjected to multiplex qualitative qPCR using SeeGene Allplex\u2122 kits targeting 34 gastrointestinal pathogens. Descriptive statistics, multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and logistic regression were performed. Considering all matrices, across 51 analysed samples, the results revealed strong bacterial (96.08%, n = 49), parasitic (84.31%, n = 43), and viral (68.63%, n = 35) presence. These results showed high levels of Aeromonas spp. (96.08%), Blastocystis hominis (80.39%), Enterocytozoon (58.82%), and Norovirus GII (74.51%) among bacteria, protozoa, helminths, and viruses, respectively. Moreover, faecal sludge and pumping station samples show more identified pathogen than wastewater treatment plant and seawater samples. The MCA revealed that the dry season is spatially associated with a greater number of pathogens than the rainy season, but the latter showed a greater species diversity. Logistic regression showed that certain physicochemical parameters, including BOD5, turbidity, pH, and suspended solids, influence pathogen detection. However, qualitative detection and sampling period may constitute limitations. These results reveal that wastewater and bathing water can serve as sources of information on the circulation of pathogens of interest with epidemic potential. Therefore, this valuable epidemiological tool could serve as an adjunct to clinical surveillance in order to prevent future epidemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23030320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T15:01:07Z","timestamp":1772636467000},"page":"320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High Detection Frequency of Enteric Pathogens: Insight from Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) Surveillance Approach in Dakar, Senegal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2610-1240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seynabou","family":"Coundoul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux Us\u00e9es (LATEU), Institut Fondamental d\u2019Afrique Noire (IFAN), Cheikh Anta DIOP University, 33 Rte de la Corniche Ouest Dakar, Dakar 10700, Senegal"},{"name":"Groupe de Recherche Biotechnologies Appliqu\u00e9es & Bioproc\u00e9d\u00e9s Environnementaux (GRBA-BE), Laboratoire Eau\u2014\u00c9nergie\u2014Environnement\u2014Proc\u00e9d\u00e9s Industriels (LE3PI), Ecole Sup\u00e9rieure Polytechnique (ESP), Cheikh Anta DIOP University, B.P 5085 Dakar-Fann, Dakar 10700, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nouhou","family":"Diaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux Us\u00e9es (LATEU), Institut Fondamental d\u2019Afrique Noire (IFAN), Cheikh Anta DIOP University, 33 Rte de la Corniche Ouest Dakar, Dakar 10700, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7788-5914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie D\u00e9li","family":"T\u00e8ne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche Biotechnologies Appliqu\u00e9es & Bioproc\u00e9d\u00e9s Environnementaux (GRBA-BE), Laboratoire Eau\u2014\u00c9nergie\u2014Environnement\u2014Proc\u00e9d\u00e9s Industriels (LE3PI), Ecole Sup\u00e9rieure Polytechnique (ESP), Cheikh Anta DIOP University, B.P 5085 Dakar-Fann, Dakar 10700, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9693-4584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarbanding","family":"San\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche Biotechnologies Appliqu\u00e9es & Bioproc\u00e9d\u00e9s Environnementaux (GRBA-BE), Laboratoire Eau\u2014\u00c9nergie\u2014Environnement\u2014Proc\u00e9d\u00e9s Industriels (LE3PI), Ecole Sup\u00e9rieure Polytechnique (ESP), Cheikh Anta DIOP University, B.P 5085 Dakar-Fann, Dakar 10700, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Souar\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux Us\u00e9es (LATEU), Institut Fondamental d\u2019Afrique Noire (IFAN), Cheikh Anta DIOP University, 33 Rte de la Corniche Ouest Dakar, Dakar 10700, Senegal"},{"name":"Groupe de Recherche Biotechnologies Appliqu\u00e9es & Bioproc\u00e9d\u00e9s Environnementaux (GRBA-BE), Laboratoire Eau\u2014\u00c9nergie\u2014Environnement\u2014Proc\u00e9d\u00e9s Industriels (LE3PI), Ecole Sup\u00e9rieure Polytechnique (ESP), Cheikh Anta DIOP University, B.P 5085 Dakar-Fann, Dakar 10700, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Auriza Sophia","family":"Sylla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux Us\u00e9es (LATEU), Institut Fondamental d\u2019Afrique Noire (IFAN), Cheikh Anta DIOP University, 33 Rte de la Corniche Ouest Dakar, Dakar 10700, Senegal"},{"name":"Groupe de Recherche Biotechnologies Appliqu\u00e9es & Bioproc\u00e9d\u00e9s Environnementaux (GRBA-BE), Laboratoire Eau\u2014\u00c9nergie\u2014Environnement\u2014Proc\u00e9d\u00e9s Industriels (LE3PI), Ecole Sup\u00e9rieure Polytechnique (ESP), Cheikh Anta DIOP University, B.P 5085 Dakar-Fann, Dakar 10700, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Modou","family":"Dieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Analyses et Essais (LAE), Laboratoire Eau\u2014\u00c9nergie\u2014Environnement\u2014Proc\u00e9d\u00e9s Industriels (LE3PI), Ecole Sup\u00e9rieure Polytechnique (ESP), Cheikh Anta DIOP University (UCAD), B.P 5085 Dakar-Fann, Dakar 10700, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorelay Mendoza","family":"Grijalva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Becaye Sidy","family":"Diop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DELVIC Sanitation Initiatives, Dakar 15542, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Papa Samba","family":"Diop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Sanitation Office, Dakar 11500, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samba Cor","family":"Sarr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health and Social Action, Dakar 10700, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Habsatou","family":"Tall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux Us\u00e9es (LATEU), Institut Fondamental d\u2019Afrique Noire (IFAN), Cheikh Anta DIOP University, 33 Rte de la Corniche Ouest Dakar, Dakar 10700, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seydou","family":"Niang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux Us\u00e9es (LATEU), Institut Fondamental d\u2019Afrique Noire (IFAN), Cheikh Anta DIOP University, 33 Rte de la Corniche Ouest Dakar, Dakar 10700, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2950-526X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William Abraham","family":"Tarpeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3658-6245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abou Abdallah Malick","family":"Diouara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche Biotechnologies Appliqu\u00e9es & Bioproc\u00e9d\u00e9s Environnementaux (GRBA-BE), Laboratoire Eau\u2014\u00c9nergie\u2014Environnement\u2014Proc\u00e9d\u00e9s Industriels (LE3PI), Ecole Sup\u00e9rieure Polytechnique (ESP), Cheikh Anta DIOP University, B.P 5085 Dakar-Fann, Dakar 10700, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-023-06431-4","article-title":"Wastewater-Associated Infections: A Public Health Concern","volume":"234","author":"Bej","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"16","article-title":"Disease Burden Due to Gastrointestinal Pathogens in a Wastewater System in Kampala, Uganda","volume":"4","author":"Fuhrimann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. 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