{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T14:24:14Z","timestamp":1782829454951,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for Scientific-Research from JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP22K17448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22K17448"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for Scientific-Research from JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP25K13768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP25K13768"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thermal bathing practices, including domestic hot-water immersion and sauna use, have been linked to cardiovascular and systemic health outcomes. However, the amount and type of evidence differ between these practices. This review examines current epidemiological and mechanistic findings and discusses their relevance to cardiovascular health. A narrative review was conducted using Ichushi-Web and PubMed. Observational and interventional studies evaluating habitual bathtub bathing or sauna use in relation to physiological or health-related outcomes were included. Studies involving children or pregnant\/postpartum women and those without relevant biological endpoints were excluded. In total, 45 studies met the inclusion criteria (17 on bathtub bathing and 28 on sauna use). Studies of habitual bathtub bathing, conducted mainly in Japan, have reported associations with lower arterial stiffness, improved glycemic control, and selected inflammatory or stress-related markers. Experimental work shows that hot-water immersion increases core body temperature, promotes peripheral vasodilation, and induces heat shock protein expression. Sauna bathing, investigated primarily in Finnish prospective cohorts, has been associated with lower cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, as well as favorable inflammatory and endothelial markers. Bathing conditions, age, sex, and cultural context appear to influence these findings. Thermal exposure produces circulatory and molecular responses relevant to cardiovascular regulation. Prospective data support associations between frequent sauna use and long-term outcomes, whereas evidence for domestic bathtub bathing is limited to observational studies of intermediate markers. Further research with clearly defined exposure parameters and clinical endpoints is needed to better understand the long-term cardiovascular implications of habitual thermal practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23030347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T09:55:38Z","timestamp":1773136538000},"page":"347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of Bathtub Bathing and Sauna Practices on Cardiovascular and Systemic Health: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1722-2289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masayo","family":"Nagai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Rehabilitation Sciences, Showa Medical University, Midiri-ku, Yokohama 226-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Rehabilitation Sciences, Showa Medical University, Midiri-ku, Yokohama 226-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.04.008","article-title":"Cardiovascular and Other Health Benefits of Sauna Bathing: A Review of the Evidence","volume":"93","author":"Laukkanen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00168.2020","article-title":"Heat therapy: Possible benefits for cognitive function and the aging brain","volume":"129","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70188","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70188","article-title":"Effect of home-based hot bathing on exercise-induced adaptations associated with short-term resistance exercise training in young men","volume":"13","author":"Takeda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00141.2020","article-title":"Heat therapy: Mechanistic underpinnings and applications to cardiovascular health","volume":"130","author":"Brunt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"69","article-title":"Exploratory study of bathing habits and healthy longevity among old adults in a community health examination cohort","volume":"44","author":"Miyata","year":"2023","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"171","article-title":"Health effects of seasonal bathing in hot water, seasonal utilization of hot spring facilities, and high green tea consumption","volume":"77","author":"Goto","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Balneol. Climatol. Phys. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anti-aging effect of bathing habit","volume":"36","author":"Kohara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagai, M., and Kaji, H. (2023). Thermal Effect on Heat Shock Protein 70 Family to Prevent Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13050867"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00608.2020","article-title":"The health benefits of passive heating and aerobic exercise: To what extent do the mechanisms overlap?","volume":"129","author":"Cullen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1070","article-title":"Heat treatment improves glucose tolerance and prevents skeletal muscle insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat diet","volume":"58","author":"Gupte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/JAMMR\/2018\/42427","article-title":"Thermal Effect on Human Skeletal Muscle-derived Cell Transcriptomes: Possibility of Prevention Against Atherosclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Nagai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Med. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26908-1","article-title":"Habitual hot water bathing protects cardiovascular function in middle-aged to elderly Japanese subjects","volume":"8","author":"Kohara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5059","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S279270","article-title":"Association of Daily Home-Based Hot Water Bathing and Glycemic Control in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"13","author":"Kamioka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagai, M., and Tanaka, A. (2025). A pilot study on the relationship between thermal habits, chronic inflammation, and arterial stiffness in young adults. BMC Res. Notes, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-025-07236-w"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2023.2300623","article-title":"The multifaceted benefits of passive heat therapies for extending the healthspan: A comprehensive review with a focus on Finnish sauna","volume":"11","author":"Laukkanen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"151","article-title":"Relationship between bathing habits and health among young and elderly males: An explorative study","volume":"6","author":"Takamura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Health Sci. Univ."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"79","article-title":"Effects of differences in thermal habits such as shower baths and bathtub baths on the prognosis of chronic kidney disease","volume":"43","author":"Iiyama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"227","article-title":"Relationship between bathing habits and physical and psychological state","volume":"75","author":"Ishizawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Balneol. Climatol. Phys. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9180","article-title":"Hot-water bathing before bedtime and shorter sleep onset latency accompanied by higher distal-proximal skin temperature gradient in older adults","volume":"17","author":"Tai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19462","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24062-3","article-title":"Hot spring bathing and lower prevalence of hypertension among Japanese older adults: A cross-sectional study in Beppu","volume":"12","author":"Yamasaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"21","article-title":"Effects of bathing habits of full bath or shower bath on subsequent HSP bathing method","volume":"42","author":"Itoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"6","article-title":"Raising body temperature by 1.1C during bathing decreases stress","volume":"39","author":"Ishizawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"41","article-title":"Effect of bathing in hot water on 24-hour ambulatory central blood pressure","volume":"25","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"105","article-title":"Effects of bathing on task-dependent activation in the prefrontal cortex","volume":"42","author":"Ohgomori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E755","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00222.2023","article-title":"The effect of repeated hot water immersion on insulin sensitivity, heat shock protein 70, and inflammation in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"325","author":"James","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2024.104017","article-title":"The effect of repeated hot water immersion on vascular function, blood pressure and central haemodynamics in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"126","author":"James","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00407.2018","article-title":"Acute and chronic effects of hot water immersion on inflammation and metabolism in sedentary, overweight adults","volume":"125","author":"Hoekstra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15699","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15699","article-title":"Acute and adaptive cardiovascular and metabolic effects of passive heat therapy or high-intensity interval training in patients with severe lower-limb osteoarthritis","volume":"11","author":"Roxburgh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1495","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00151.2019","article-title":"Heat therapy vs. supervised exercise therapy for peripheral arterial disease: A 12-wk randomized, controlled trial","volume":"316","author":"Akerman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.8187","article-title":"Association between sauna bathing and fatal cardiovascular and all-cause mortality events","volume":"175","author":"Laukkanen","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302159","DOI":"10.1080\/14017431.2024.2302159","article-title":"Sauna bathing and mortality risk: Unraveling the interaction with systolic blood pressure in a cohort of Finnish men","volume":"58","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scand. Cardiovasc. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-023-1895-1","article-title":"The interplay between systolic blood pressure, sauna bathing, and cardiovascular mortality in middle-aged and older Finnish men","volume":"27","author":"Laukkanen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laukkanen, T., Kunutsor, S.K., Khan, H., Willeit, P., Zaccardi, F., and Laukkanen, J.A. (2018). Sauna bathing is associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality and improves risk prediction in men and women: A prospective cohort study. BMC Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1198-0"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-022-00926-w","article-title":"Inflammation, sauna bathing, and all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older Finnish men","volume":"37","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1937","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005606","article-title":"Sauna bathing reduces risk of stroke in Finnish men and women","volume":"90","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0311-6","article-title":"Sauna bathing reduces risk of respiratory diseases","volume":"32","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1159\/000493392","article-title":"Sauna bathing and risk of psychotic disorders","volume":"27","author":"Laukkanen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2018.1489143","article-title":"Longitudinal associations of sauna bathing with inflammation and oxidative stress: The KIHD prospective cohort study","volume":"50","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14001","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.14001","article-title":"Sauna bathing, renal function and chronic kidney disease: Cross-sectional and longitudinal findings from the KIHD study","volume":"53","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.03.005","article-title":"Combined effect of sauna bathing and cardiorespiratory fitness on risk of sudden cardiac deaths in Caucasian men: A long-term prospective cohort study","volume":"60","author":"Laukkanen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000876","article-title":"Enhancing cardiorespiratory fitness through sauna bathing: Insights from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Prospective Study","volume":"44","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2017.10.018","article-title":"Frequent sauna bathing may reduce the risk of pneumonia in middle-aged Caucasian men: The KIHD prospective cohort study","volume":"132","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2019.08.031","article-title":"Finnish sauna bathing does not increase or decrease the risk of cancer in men: A prospective cohort study","volume":"121","author":"Laukkanen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-019-00544-z","article-title":"Sauna bathing reduces the risk of venous thromboembolism: A prospective cohort study","volume":"34","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13490","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13490","article-title":"High fitness levels, frequent sauna bathing and risk of pneumonia: Potential implications for COVID-19","volume":"51","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000598","article-title":"Attenuated risk of pneumonia due to inflammation by frequent sauna baths: A prospective cohort study","volume":"42","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2022.111906","article-title":"Frequent sauna bathing offsets the increased risk of death due to low socioeconomic status: A prospective cohort study","volume":"167","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpx102","article-title":"Sauna Bathing and Incident Hypertension: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"30","author":"Zaccardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2017.1387927","article-title":"Joint associations of sauna bathing and cardiorespiratory fitness on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality risk: A long-term prospective cohort study","volume":"50","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/21681805.2021.2002403","article-title":"Sauna habits\/bathing and changes in lower urinary tract symptoms\u2014Tampere Ageing Male Urologic Study (TAMUS)","volume":"56","author":"Tammela","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-017-0855-z","article-title":"Sauna bathing, health, and quality of life among octogenarian men: The Helsinki Businessmen Study","volume":"30","author":"Strandberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419698","DOI":"10.1080\/22423982.2024.2419698","article-title":"Sauna bathing in northern Sweden: Results from the MONICA study 2022","volume":"83","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Circumpolar. Health"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"493","article-title":"Acute vascular benefits of Finnish sauna bathing in patients with stable coronary artery disease","volume":"37","author":"Gravel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.03.012","article-title":"A hot topic for health: Results of the Global Sauna Survey","volume":"44","author":"Hussain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R289","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00076.2022","article-title":"Effects of regular sauna bathing in conjunction with exercise on cardiovascular function: A multi-arm, randomized controlled trial","volume":"323","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2005.03.004","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of repeated sauna bathing in patients with chronic systolic heart failure: A preliminary report","volume":"11","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.06.029","article-title":"Safety, acceptance, and physiologic effects of sauna bathing in people with chronic heart failure: A pilot report","volume":"90","author":"Basford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2010.05.002","article-title":"Bathing in a bathtub and health status: A cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Hayasaka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3191\/thermalmed.27.31","article-title":"Gene and gene networks in apoptosis induced by heat stress in human leukemia U937 cells","volume":"27","author":"Tabuchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thermal. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1206","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00519.2015","article-title":"Mild systemic thermal therapy ameliorates renal dysfunction in a rodent model of chronic kidney disease","volume":"310","author":"Iwashita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"80","article-title":"Comparison of bathing habits between Japanese living in Kyoto and Japanese Americans living in Los Angeles","volume":"80","author":"Yano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Balneol. Climatol. Phys. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.02.003","article-title":"Relationship of daily hot water bathing at home and hot water spa bathing with underlying diseases in middle-aged and elderly ambulatory patients","volume":"43","author":"Kamioka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"48","article-title":"Effect of aging on thermoregulatory and cardiovascular changes during bathing in the elderly","volume":"85","author":"Miwa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Balneol. Climatol. Phys. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.32.444","article-title":"Attenuation of core temperature elevation and interleukin-6 excretion during head-out hot water immersion in elderly people","volume":"32","author":"Yamashiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.08.008","article-title":"Cultural and lifestyle practices associated with low inflammatory physiology in Japanese adults","volume":"90","author":"Coe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bucciarelli, V., Mattioli, A.V., Sciomer, S., Moscucci, F., Renda, G., and Gallina, S. (2023). The Impact of Physical Activity and Inactivity on Cardiovascular Risk across Women\u2019s Lifespan: An Updated Review. J Clin Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134347"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C140","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00050.2009","article-title":"Continuous mild heat stress induces differentiation of mammalian myoblasts","volume":"298","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10476","article-title":"Differential responses of HSPs to heat stress in slow and fast regions of rat gastrocnemius muscle","volume":"28","author":"Oishi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.0825-18","article-title":"Incidence and Characteristics of Bath-related Accidents","volume":"58","author":"Suzuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-018-9993-7","article-title":"Characteristics of sauna deaths in Korea in relation to different blood alcohol concentrations","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00701.2023","article-title":"Passive heat therapy: A promising preventive measure for people at risk of adverse health outcomes during heat extremes","volume":"136","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2023.01.008","article-title":"Does the Combination of Finnish Sauna Bathing and Other Lifestyle Factors Confer Additional Health Benefits? A Review of the Evidence","volume":"98","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/3\/347\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T09:59:26Z","timestamp":1773136766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/3\/347"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph23030347"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph23030347","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]}}}