{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T21:45:12Z","timestamp":1782510312006,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sociosexuality refers to the proclivity to engage in casual sex without commitment and is generally operationalized in terms of attitudes, behavior, and desire. Moving beyond the dominant focus on sexual risk and pathology in studies of sociosexuality, this study conceptualizes sociosexuality as a positive psychological variable that reflects the enactment of sexual identity among gay and bisexual men. Using cross-sectional correlational survey data from 512 gay and bisexual men in the United Kingdom, the direct associations between sociosexuality and identity resilience and LGBT+ community connectedness, and indirect associations through the mediation of internalized homonegativity, were examined. Results showed that identity resilience was indirectly associated with higher sociosexuality via decreased internalized homonegativity, and that LGBT+ community connectedness was directly and positively associated with sociosexuality and indirectly via decreased internalized homonegativity. The findings suggest that the adaptive self-schema of identity resilience and the adaptive relational schema of community connectedness may militate against internalized homonegativity, which in turn may facilitate sociosexuality among gay and bisexual men. Interventions to support sexual identity enactment should therefore focus on developing these adaptive schemas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23030358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T09:23:03Z","timestamp":1773307383000},"page":"358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Identity Resilience, Community Connectedness, and Sociosexuality Among Gay and Bisexual Men: The Mediating Effect of Internalized Homonegativity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Gifford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology & Counselling, School of Life and Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B4 7BD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8463-9519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rusi","family":"Jaspal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vice Chancellor\u2019s Office, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.109884","article-title":"Sex drive and sociosexuality moderated by gender identity and gender identity fluidity","volume":"159","author":"Bakker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"335","article-title":"Sociosexuality and sexual behavior in men during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"32","author":"Ramos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Psychol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2020.1717837","article-title":"The interactions among sexual orientation, masculine and feminine gender role orientation, and facets of sociosexuality in young heterosexual and homosexual men","volume":"68","author":"Waldis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Homosex."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.109575","article-title":"Femininity in men and masculinity in women is positively related to sociosexuality","volume":"152","author":"Varella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X05000051","article-title":"Sociosexuality from Argentina to Zimbabwe: A 48-nation study of sex, culture, and strategies of human mating","volume":"28","author":"Schmitt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Renman, A. (2024). Sociosexual Attitudes and Behaviour: A Population-Based Analysis Across Sex and Sexual Orientation in Finland. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Abo Akademi University]. Available online: https:\/\/doria.fi\/bitstream\/handle\/10024\/189204\/renman_andreas.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1300\/J056v18n02_06","article-title":"Sexual Strategies Across Sexual Orientations: How Personality Traits and Culture Relate to Sociosexuality Among Gays, Lesbians, Bisexuals, and Heterosexuals","volume":"18","author":"Schmitt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Psychol. Hum. Sex."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1080\/19317611.2021.1998284","article-title":"Sociosexual orientations and well-being: Differences across gender","volume":"34","author":"Zyskowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sex. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-024-07139-2","article-title":"Sociosexuality is associated with disease avoidance tendencies and can decrease during a real-life disease threat","volume":"44","author":"Sevi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1177\/0038038511435064","article-title":"Solidarity beyond sexuality: The personal communities of gay men","volume":"46","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sociology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000002045","article-title":"STD 50-Year Anniversary Issue Reflections on Navigating the Winding Road from Efficacy to Implementation for HIV Preexposure (PrEP) and Doxycycline PEP (Doxy-PEP)","volume":"51","author":"Celum","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000172","article-title":"HIV Protective Efficacy and Correlates of Tenofovir Blood Concentrations in a Clinical Trial of PrEP for HIV Prevention","volume":"66","author":"Donnell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. (1999)"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2024-056208","article-title":"Efficacy of postexposure prophylaxis with doxycycline (Doxy-PEP) in reducing sexually transmitted infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Sokoll","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-020-00442-0","article-title":"Identity, connectedness and sexual health in the gay sauna","volume":"18","author":"Jaspal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex. Res. Soc. Policy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-016-0914-0","article-title":"Psychological well-being as a predictor of casual sex relationships and experiences among adolescents: A short-term prospective study","volume":"46","author":"Lavoie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Sex. Behav."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, J.R., Seibold-Simpson, S.M., Massey, S.G., and Merriwether, A.M. (2015). Casual sex: Integrating social, behavioral, and sexual health research. Handbook of the Sociology of Sexualities, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-17341-2_12"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"3","article-title":"Identity resilience, attachment style and life satisfaction in heterosexual and gay men: The mediating effect of body image concerns","volume":"41","author":"Jaspal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000447","article-title":"When connecting with LGBTQ+ communities helps and why it does: A meta-analysis of the relationship between connectedness and health-related outcomes","volume":"150","author":"Lefevor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/19359705.2015.1024375","article-title":"The Relationship of Internalized Homonegativity to Sexual Health and Well-Being Among Men in 38 European Countries Who Have Sex with Men","volume":"19","author":"Berg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gay Lesbian Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/15.1.97","article-title":"Internalized homophobia and health issues affecting lesbians and gay men","volume":"15","author":"Williamson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2012.724119","article-title":"Applying a pattern-centered approach to understanding how attachment, gender beliefs, and homosociality shape college men\u2019s sociosexuality","volume":"51","author":"Calzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sex Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez Del R\u00edo, E., Ramos-Villagrasa, P.J., Castro, \u00c1., and Barrada, J.R. (2019). Sociosexuality and Bright and Dark Personality: The Prediction of Behavior, Attitude, and Desire to Engage in Casual Sex. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16152731"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s12119-021-09887-w","article-title":"The experience of sex guilt: The roles of parenting, adult attachment, and sociosexuality","volume":"26","author":"Hackathorn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex. Cult. Interdiscip. Q."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-025-03092-8","article-title":"Relationships among sex, sexual orientation, dark triad traits, sociosexuality, and sexual excitation\/inhibition","volume":"54","author":"Semenyna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Sex. Behav."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2016.1145182","article-title":"Sociosexuality, Commitment, Sexual Infidelity, and Perceptions of Infidelity: Data from the Second Love Web Site","volume":"54","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sex Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2012.01.001","article-title":"Sociosexuality as predictor of sexual harassment and coercion in female and male high school students","volume":"33","author":"Kennair","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evol. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/00224490609552311","article-title":"Gender differences in the enactment of sociosexuality: An examination of implicit social motives, sexual fantasies, coercive sexual attitudes, and aggressive sexual behavior","volume":"43","author":"Yost","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sex Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-025-03288-y","article-title":"The Associations That Sociosexual Orientation and Personality Traits Have with Men\u2019s Preferences for Different Genres of Pornography","volume":"55","author":"Vance","year":"2026","journal-title":"Arch. Sex. Behav."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.905","article-title":"Use of preexposure prophylaxis and condom purchasing decisions","volume":"121","author":"Gebru","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exp. Anal. Behav."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/josi.12564","article-title":"Thwarted belonging needs: A mechanism prospectively linking multiple levels of stigma and interpersonal outcomes among sexual minorities","volume":"79","author":"Lattanner","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Soc. Issues"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Nardi, P. (1999). Gay Men\u2019s Friendships: Invisible Communities, Chicago University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1177\/0011392104041807","article-title":"Cruising to Familyland: Gay Hypergamy and Rainbow Kinship","volume":"52","author":"Stacey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/0011392104041798","article-title":"Cultures of Intimacy and Care beyond \u2018the Family\u2019: Personal Life and Social Change in the Early 21st Century","volume":"52","author":"Roseneil","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e72452","DOI":"10.2196\/72452","article-title":"Depathologizing Queer Adults\u2019 Dating App Use in Canada: Convergent Mixed Methods Study","volume":"27","author":"Sinno","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"100362","article-title":"Sociosexual domains as mediators of the relationship between trait depression and sexual risk: A serial mediation analysis in a sample of Iranian American adults","volume":"9","author":"Torbati","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003187","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for recurrent sexually transmitted infections among MSM on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis","volume":"36","author":"Zeggagh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1177\/13591053211004684","article-title":"\u201cEverything feels risky now\u201d: Perceived \u201crisky\u201d sexual behavior during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"27","author":"Bowling","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001065","article-title":"Words matter: Putting an end to \u201cunsafe\u201d and \u201crisky\u201d sex","volume":"47","author":"Marcus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaneva, M., Philpott, A., Singh, A., Larsson, G., and Gonsalves, L. (2022). What is the added value of incorporating pleasure in sexual health interventions? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261034"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00983-3","article-title":"Innovations in the biomedical prevention, diagnosis, and service delivery of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections","volume":"406","author":"Peters","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1007\/s12119-024-10243-x","article-title":"Safety and pleasure motives determine perceived risks and rewards in casual sex","volume":"28","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sex. Cult."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Jaspal, R. (2018). Enhancing Sexual Health, Self-Identity and Wellbeing Among Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Guide for Practitioners, Jessica Kingsley Publishers."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198118806964","article-title":"Factorial Structure and Psychometric Properties of a Brief Scale of the Condom Use Self-Efficacy for Spanish-Speaking People","volume":"46","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"346","article-title":"Condom Use: A Self-Efficacy Model","volume":"12","author":"Wulfert","year":"1993","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Off. J. Div. Health Psychol. Am. Psychol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gifford, A.J., Jaspal, R., Jones, B.A., and McDermott, D.T. (2025). Gain-framed health messaging, medical trust, and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) self-efficacy: An experimental study. Healthcare, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13161981"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1080\/21582041.2021.1999488","article-title":"Identity resilience: Its origins in identity processes and its role in coping with threat","volume":"16","author":"Breakwell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contemp. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2010.482186","article-title":"Resilience as the ability to bounce back from stress: A neglected personal resource?","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Posit. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/15283488.2021.1957895","article-title":"The Identity Resilience Index: Development and validation in two UK samples","volume":"22","author":"Breakwell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Identity Int. J. Theory Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1007\/s12119-025-10394-5","article-title":"Depression, anxiety, and life satisfaction in gay and bisexual men in Lebanon: A cross-sectional correlational study","volume":"29","author":"Assi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sex. Cult."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-021-00608-4","article-title":"Coming out, distress, and identity threat in gay men in the United Kingdom","volume":"19","author":"Breakwell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex. Res. Soc. Policy"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1007\/s10447-024-09578-9","article-title":"Identity resilience, relationships, and life satisfaction: Data from two cross-sectional survey studies in the United Kingdom","volume":"46","author":"Jaspal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Couns."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaspal, R., Gifford, A., and Scheinpflug, U. (2025). A theoretical model for predicting the derivation of sexual satisfaction in gay men. J. Sex Res., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2025.2489772"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1270","article-title":"Identity resilience, social support and internalised homonegativity in gay men","volume":"13","author":"Jaspal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Sex."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"33","article-title":"Coping styles in heterosexual and non-heterosexual students in Lebanon: A cross-sectional study (Estilo de afrontamiento en estudiantes heterosexuales y no heterosexuales en L\u00edbano: Un estudio transversal)","volume":"37","author":"Jaspal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaspal, R. (2025). The Psychology of Coming Out: Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identities, Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-02599-9"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2011.565427","article-title":"Measuring Community Connectedness among Diverse Sexual Minority Populations","volume":"49","author":"Frost","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sex Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1300\/J082v04n03_01","article-title":"Homosexual Identity Formation: A Theoretical Model","volume":"4","author":"Cass","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Homosex."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1300\/J082v17n01_02","article-title":"The Formation of Homosexual Identities","volume":"17","author":"Troiden","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Homosex."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1300\/J082v07n02_06","article-title":"Developmental Stages of the Coming Out Process","volume":"7","author":"Coleman","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Homosex."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanton, A.M., Wirtz, M.R., Perlson, J.E., and Batchelder, A.W. (2022). \u201cIt\u2019s how we get to know each other\u201d: Substance use, connectedness, and sexual activity among men who have sex with men who are living with HIV. BMC Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12778-w"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2007.00066.x","article-title":"Social identity theory and self-categorization theory: A historical review","volume":"2","author":"Hornsey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-018-1178-7","article-title":"Open Relationships, Nonconsensual Nonmonogamy, and Monogamy Among U.S. Adults: Findings from the 2012 National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior","volume":"47","author":"Levine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Sex. Behav."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"160","article-title":"Internalized homophobia, intimacy, and sexual behavior among gay and bisexual men","volume":"4","author":"Meyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Perspect. Lesbian Gay Issues"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Breakwell, G.M. (1986). Coping with Threatened Identities, Psychology Press."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2022.2030617","article-title":"Internalized sexual orientation stigma and mental health in a religiously diverse sample of gay and bisexual men in Lebanon","volume":"17","author":"Maatouk","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Homosex."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1300\/J082v43n02_05","article-title":"Correlates of internalized homophobia and homosexual identity formation in a sample of gay men","volume":"43","author":"Rowen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Homosex."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2020.1804262","article-title":"Reducing Internalized Homonegativity: Refinement and Replication of an Online Intervention for Gay Men","volume":"68","author":"Israel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Homosex."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/10894160.2019.1614861","article-title":"Sexual orientation-related stigma and relationship functioning among female same-sex couples","volume":"23","author":"Petruzzella","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lesbian Stud."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaspal, R. (2025). A theoretical model for predicting outness in lesbian, gay, and bisexual people: Minority stressors, social support and identity processes. Soc. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci14040207"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-019-00385-1","article-title":"Minority stress in older Portuguese gay and bisexual men and its impact on sexual and relationship satisfaction","volume":"17","author":"Costa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex. Res. Soc. Policy"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/14681994.2016.1200027","article-title":"Sexual satisfaction in Chinese gay and bisexual men: Relationship to negative sexual minority identity and sexual role preference","volume":"32","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex. Relatsh. Ther."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2025.101941","article-title":"\u201cI feel good, I feel comfortable, I feel at home\u201d: Understanding the role of positive body image manifestations, body neutrality and functionality appreciation for trans men","volume":"54","author":"Cahill","year":"2025","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2023.2180811","article-title":"Experiences of discrimination and support among trans men and women partnered with cis men","volume":"26","author":"Celemen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cult. Health Sex."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1177\/14707853211027486","article-title":"Lots of bots or maybe nots: A process for detecting bots in social media research","volume":"63","author":"Mehmet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5871\/jba\/011s5.007","article-title":"Identity resilience, uncertainty, personal risk, fear, mistrust and ingroup power influences upon COVID-19 coping","volume":"11","author":"Breakwell","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Br. Acad."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014672","article-title":"Internalized stigma among sexual minority adults: Insights from a social psychological perspective","volume":"56","author":"Herek","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1037\/sah0000401","article-title":"Trust in science, homonegativity, and HIV stigma: Experimental data from the United Kingdom and Germany","volume":"7","author":"Jaspal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stigma Health"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2371-3","article-title":"Applying the Information\u2013Motivation\u2013Behavioral Skills Model to understand PrEP intentions and use among men who have sex with men","volume":"23","author":"Walsh","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.95.5.1113","article-title":"Beyond global sociosexual orientations: A more differentiated look at sociosexuality and its effects on courtship and romantic relationships","volume":"95","author":"Penke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2023.2239225","article-title":"Autistic traits of people who engage in pup play: Occurrence, characteristics and social connections","volume":"62","author":"Wignall","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Sex Res."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Hayes, A.F. (2022). Counterfactual\/Potential Outcomes \u201cCausal Mediation Analysis\u201d with Treatment by Mediator Interaction Using PROCESS, CCRAM."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weems, C.F. (2025). An alternative framework for nonexperimental cross-sectional mediation studies: Associational variable analysis. Psychol. Methods, Available online: https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fmet0000774.","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000774"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-022-03847-7","article-title":"Social support, internalized HIV stigma, resilience and depression among people living with HIV: A moderated mediation analysis","volume":"27","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Lu, Y., Tian, Y., Gan, Y., Chen, X., and Li, X. (2025). Internet addiction and mental health: A cross-sectional study and mediation analysis in medical students with a psychiatric major. Front. Psychiatry, 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1625824"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cahill, L., and Perera, A.T.M. (2025). Sexual identity visibility, mental health, and body dissatisfaction in bisexual cisgender men: Associations with straight and gay community bi-negativity. Psychol. Sex., 1\u201320. Available online: https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/19419899.2025.2590708.","DOI":"10.1080\/19419899.2025.2590708"},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Hayes, A.F. (2017). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, Guilford Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dean, A., Voss, D., and Dragulji\u0107, D. (2017). Checking model assumptions. Design and Analysis of Experiments, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-52250-0"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/sw\/51.2.106","article-title":"Condomless sex: Gay men, barebacking, and harm reduction","volume":"51","author":"Shernoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc. Work"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gifford, A.J., Jaspal, R., Jones, B.A., and McDermott, D.T. (2025). PrEP acceptability and self-efficacy in men who have sex with men: The roles of identity, trust and knowledge. Psychol. Sex., 1\u201317. Available online: https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/19419899.2025.2592673.","DOI":"10.1080\/19419899.2025.2592673"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550614537308","article-title":"Who benefits from casual sex? The moderating role of sociosexuality","volume":"5","author":"Vrangalova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. Personal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2022.112009","article-title":"Overcoming agreeableness: Sociosexuality and the Dark Triad expanded and revisited","volume":"203","author":"Freyth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.109577","article-title":"The role of gender in the relations among dark triad and psychopathy, sociosexuality, and moral judgments","volume":"152","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.109613","article-title":"The association between Dark Triad traits and sociosexuality with mating and parenting efforts: A cross-cultural study","volume":"154","author":"Valentova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052101","article-title":"Towards preparedness for PrEP: PrEP awareness and acceptability among MSM at high risk of HIV transmission who use sociosexual media in four Celtic nations: Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and The Republic of Ireland: An online survey","volume":"92","author":"Frankis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1353\/csd.0.0131","article-title":"Sociosexual identity development and sexual risk taking of acculturating collegiate gay and bisexual men","volume":"51","author":"Wilkerson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Coll. Stud. Dev."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24918","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-03631-9","article-title":"Minority stressors, protective factors and mental health outcomes in lesbian, gay and bisexual people in the UK","volume":"42","author":"Jaspal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147470490800600203","DOI":"10.1177\/147470490800600203","article-title":"Cross-national variation in the motivation for uncommitted sex: The role of disease and social risks","volume":"6","author":"Barber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Evol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, T.A., Litt, D.M., Davis, K.C., Norris, J., Kaysen, D., and Lewis, M.A. (2019). Growing up, hooking up, and drinking: A review of uncommitted sexual behavior and its association with alcohol use and related consequences among adolescents and young adults in the United States. Front. Psychol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01872"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben-Ze\u2019ev, A. (2023). Is casual sex good for you? Casualness, seriousness and wellbeing in intimate relationships. Philosophies, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/philosophies8020025"},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Borisevich, S. (2023). Casual Sex Among Emerging Adults: A New Measure of Casual Sex and Its Relation to Well-Being, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Ottawa\/University of Ottawa."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1300\/J041v19n01_01","article-title":"Can talking about oppression reduce depression? Modified CBT group treatment for LGBT people with depression","volume":"19","author":"Ross","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gay Lesbian Soc. Serv. Issues Pract. Policy Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028282","article-title":"A computer-based intervention to reduce internalized heterosexism in men","volume":"59","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/3\/358\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T09:35:28Z","timestamp":1773308128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/3\/358"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph23030358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph23030358","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]}}}