{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T09:36:00Z","timestamp":1773826560474,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM103430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM103430"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000058","name":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1H79SP080979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1H79SP080979"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and nonmedical prescription drug use (NMPDU) are prevalent, co-occurring concerns among young adults. Although prior research links problematic gaming and substance misuse, few studies have examined this relationship in non-college populations or whether student status modifies this association. This study examined the relationship between Gaming Addiction Scale (GAS) score and NMPDU among 1022 Rhode Island young adults aged 18 to 25. In the total sample, 44.6% identified as cisgender heterosexual female, 42.4% as sexual or gender minority (SGM), and 13.0% as cisgender heterosexual male. Multivariable logistic regression estimated the adjusted association between GAS scores and NMPDU, and an interaction term between GAS and student status was tested. Overall, 12.1% reported lifetime NMPDU. Higher GAS scores were associated with increased odds of NMPDU (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01\u20131.09). Student status alone was not significantly associated with NMPDU; however, a significant interaction was observed between GAS and student status (AOR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.18, p = 0.031). Higher GAS scores were positively associated with NMPDU, with student status strengthening this association. Findings support screening for problematic gaming, particularly among students, and integrated prevention strategies addressing both behavioral and substance-related risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23030386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T07:35:08Z","timestamp":1773819308000},"page":"386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Internet Gaming Disorder and Nonmedical Prescription Drug Use: The Moderating Role of Student Status"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2902-1733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve","family":"Jacob","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, 8 Abbott Park Place, Providence, RI 02903, USA"},{"name":"Center for Student Research & Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3440-1959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelsey A.","family":"Gately","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, 8 Abbott Park Place, Providence, RI 02903, USA"},{"name":"Center for Student Research & Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4047-1785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan K.","family":"Noel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, 8 Abbott Park Place, Providence, RI 02903, USA"},{"name":"Center for Student Research & Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6719-1700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha R.","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, 8 Abbott Park Place, Providence, RI 02903, USA"},{"name":"Center for Student Research & Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, RI 02903, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27719","DOI":"10.2196\/27719","article-title":"Measuring Problematic Internet Use, Internet Gaming Disorder, and Social Media Addiction in Young Adults: Cross-Sectional Survey Study","volume":"8","author":"Moreno","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2022-005666","article-title":"The Health Effects of Video Games in Children and Adolescents","volume":"44","author":"Alanko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Entertainment Software Association (2022). Essential Facts About the Video Game Industry, Entertainment Software Association. Available online: https:\/\/www.theesa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/2022-Essential-Facts-About-the-Video-Game-Industry.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12518","article-title":"Adolescent Social Gaming as a Form of Social Media: A Call for Developmental Science","volume":"19","author":"Maheux","year":"2025","journal-title":"Child Dev. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.107851","article-title":"Social Gaming: A Systematic Review","volume":"147","author":"Pais","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsen, R., Johansen, T., L\u00f8vstad, M., and Linnestad, A.M. (2024). Playing Online Videogames\u2014More than Just Entertainment? A Qualitative Study of Virtual Social Participation in Persons with Spinal Cord Injury. Front. Rehabil. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2024.1395678"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2012.02.023","article-title":"Role of Video Games in Improving Health-Related Outcomes","volume":"42","author":"Primack","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiFrancisco-Donoghue, J., De Las Heras, B., Li, O., Middleton, J., and Jung, M.-K. (2023). Gaming in Pandemic Times: An International Survey Assessing the Effects of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Young Video Gamers\u2019 Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2701983\/v1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2023.104047","article-title":"The Epidemiology and Effects of Video Game Addiction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"241","author":"Limone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e08959","article-title":"An Overview of the Gaming Industry across Nations: Using Analytics with Power BI to Forecast and Identify Key Influencers","volume":"8","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.34172\/ahj.2022.1381","article-title":"An Evaluation of the Factors Related to Internet Gaming Disorder in Young Adults","volume":"14","author":"Turan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addict. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"e42957","article-title":"The Prevalence of Video Game Addiction and Its Relation to Anxiety, Depression, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children and Adolescents in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"15","author":"Alrahili","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-015-0610-0","article-title":"Internet Gaming Disorder in the DSM-5","volume":"17","author":"Petry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, R., Morita, N., Ogai, Y., Saito, T., Zhang, X., Yang, W., and Yang, F. (2024). Meta-Analysis of Internet Gaming Disorder Prevalence: Assessing the Impacts of DSM-5 and ICD-11 Diagnostic Criteria. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202403.1874.v1"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.088","article-title":"Scholars\u2019 Open Debate Paper on the World Health Organization ICD-11 Gaming Disorder Proposal","volume":"6","author":"Aarseth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.59","article-title":"Including Gaming Disorder in the ICD-11: The Need to Do so from a Clinical and Public Health Perspective: Commentary on: A Weak Scientific Basis for Gaming Disorder: Let Us Err on the Side of Caution (van Rooij et al., 2018)","volume":"7","author":"Rumpf","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2024.00045","article-title":"Internet Gaming Disorder and Risky Behaviours among Czech Adolescents: A Nationally Representative Study","volume":"13","author":"Pontes","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.27","article-title":"Gaming under the Influence: An Exploratory Study","volume":"7","author":"Blinka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1159\/000529544","article-title":"High-Risk Gaming Is Associated with Frequent Substance Use: An Exploratory Survey among Young Adults","volume":"29","author":"Verrastro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Addict. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.3.2014.4.6","article-title":"Similarities and Differences among Internet Gaming Disorder, Gambling Disorder and Alcohol Use Disorder: A Focus on Impulsivity and Compulsivity","volume":"3","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Entertainment Software Association (2024). Essential Facts About the Video Game Industry, Entertainment Software Association. Available online: https:\/\/www.theesa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Essential-Facts-2024-FINAL.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867420962851","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Gaming Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"55","author":"Stevens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105946","article-title":"Gender Differences in Prescription Opioid Use and Misuse: Implications for Men\u2019s Health and the Opioid Epidemic","volume":"131","author":"Silver","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.06.049","article-title":"The Prevalence and Possible Risk Factors of Internet Gaming Disorder among Adolescents and Young Adults: Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses","volume":"154","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-014-0980-3","article-title":"Nonmedical Prescription Drug Use among US Young Adults by Educational Attainment","volume":"50","author":"Martins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"American College Health Association (2022). Spring 2022 ACHA-NCHA III Reference Group Data Report, American College Health Association."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.00944.x","article-title":"Non-medical Use of Prescription Stimulants among US College Students: Prevalence and Correlates from a National Survey","volume":"100","author":"McCabe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.01.025","article-title":"Predicting Prescription Drug Misuse in College Students\u2019 Social Networks","volume":"45","author":"Meisel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.07.013","article-title":"Perceived Academic Benefit Is Associated with Nonmedical Prescription Stimulant Use among College Students","volume":"76","author":"Arria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.26.10.1501","article-title":"Illicit Use of Specific Prescription Stimulants Among College Students: Prevalence, Motives, and Routes of Administration","volume":"26","author":"Teter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.3191","article-title":"College Students\u2019 Momentary Stress and Prescription Drug Misuse in Daily Life: Testing Direct Links and the Moderating Roles of Global Stress and Coping","volume":"39","author":"Papp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2010.512044","article-title":"Medical and Nonmedical Users of Prescription Drugs Among College Students","volume":"59","author":"Rozenbroek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106890","article-title":"The Video Gamer 500: Performance-Enhancing Drug Use and Internet Gaming Disorder among Adult Video Gamers","volume":"123","author":"Ip","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2019.1656635","article-title":"Achievement Goal Orientation and Stimulant Misuse in College Students","volume":"69","author":"Antshel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054711428740","article-title":"An Examination of Prescription Stimulant Misuse and Psychological Variables Among Sorority and Fraternity College Populations","volume":"17","author":"Dussault","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3200\/JACH.54.5.269-278","article-title":"Medical Use, Illicit Use, and Diversion of Abusable Prescription Drugs","volume":"54","author":"McCabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000001115","article-title":"Defining Prescription Drug Misuse: A Naturalistic Evaluation of National Survey on Drug Use and Health Data from 2012\u20132014 to 2015\u20132017","volume":"17","author":"McHugh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Addict. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novak, S.P., H\u00e5kansson, A., Martinez-Raga, J., Reimer, J., Krotki, K., and Varughese, S. (2016). Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs in the European Union. BMC Psychiatry, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0909-3"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality (2023). 2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Prescription Drug Images for the 2022 Questionnaires, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Miech, R.A., Patrick, M.E., O\u2019Malley, P.M., Jager, J.O., and Jang, J.B. (2026). Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975\u20132025: Overview and Key Findings for Secondary School Students, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2006.07.016","article-title":"Medical and Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs among Secondary School Students","volume":"40","author":"McCabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/15213260802669458","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Game Addiction Scale for Adolescents","volume":"12","author":"Lemmens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Media Psychol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Wang, Q., Jou, M., Wang, B., An, Y., and Li, Z. (2020). Psychometric Properties and Measurement Invariance of the 7-Item Game Addiction Scale (GAS) among Chinese College Students. BMC Psychiatry, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02830-7"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s43045-022-00180-6","article-title":"Association of Internet Gaming Disorder Symptoms with Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms and Substance Use: An International Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"29","author":"Burkauskas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Middle East Curr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-019-00279-7","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Co-Occurrence of Gaming Disorder and Other Potentially Addictive Behaviors","volume":"6","author":"Burleigh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Addict. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2022.83.85","article-title":"Within-Person Predictors of Same-Day Alcohol and Nonmedical Prescription Drug Use Among Youth Presenting to an Urban Emergency Department","volume":"83","author":"Goldstick","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x","article-title":"Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption-II","volume":"88","author":"Saunders","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1995.56.423","article-title":"The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): Validation of a Screening Instrument for Use in Medical Settings","volume":"56","author":"Bohn","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.02.017","article-title":"An Improved Brief Measure of Cannabis Misuse: The Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test-Revised (CUDIT-R)","volume":"110","author":"Adamson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.02.016","article-title":"Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test\u2014Revised among College Students","volume":"95","author":"Schultz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(18)30622-6","article-title":"Screening for Depression in Well Older Adults: Evaluation of a Short Form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale)","volume":"10","author":"Andresen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191113481998","article-title":"Psychometric Properties of the CES-D-10 in a Psychiatric Sample","volume":"20","author":"Kertz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e318160d093","article-title":"Validation and Standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the General Population","volume":"46","author":"Decker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7309a3","article-title":"Racial and Ethnic Differences in Social Determinants of Health and Health-Related Social Needs Among Adults\u2014Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, United States, 2022","volume":"73","author":"Town","year":"2024","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.19.6.586","article-title":"Relationship of Subjective and Objective Social Status with Psychological and Physiological Functioning: Preliminary Data in Healthy, White Women","volume":"19","author":"Adler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-011-9206-1","article-title":"Subjective Social Status: Construct Validity and Associations with Psychosocial Vulnerability and Self-Rated Health","volume":"20","author":"Cundiff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int.J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kaad054","article-title":"What Does the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status Measure? Separating Economic Circumstances and Social Status to Predict Health","volume":"57","author":"Galvan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/08870440310001638098","article-title":"Subjective Social Status: Reliability and Predictive Utility for Global Health","volume":"19","author":"Operario","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Health"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"StataCorp (Stata Statistical Software: Release 15, 2017). Stata Statistical Software: Release 15."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-015-0075-6","article-title":"Pathological Video Gaming and Its Relationship to Substance Use Disorders","volume":"2","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Addict. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.02.005","article-title":"Emotion Regulation and Impulsivity in Young Adults","volume":"46","author":"Schreiber","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00e9rida-Ayala, V., Aguilar-Parra, J.M., Collado-Soler, R., Alf\u00e9rez-Pastor, M., Fern\u00e1ndez-Campoy, J.M., and Luque-de La Rosa, A. (2022). Internet and Video Games: Causes of Behavioral Disorders in Children and Teenagers. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10010086"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaa044","article-title":"Higher Risk Taking and Impaired Probability Judgment in Behavioral Addiction","volume":"23","author":"Asaoka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burleigh, T.L., Griffiths, M.D., Sumich, A., Wang, G.Y., Stavropoulos, V., Kannis-Dymand, L., and Kuss, D.J. (2022). Co-Occurrence of Gaming Disorder and Other Potentially Addictive Behaviours between Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192316078"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1177\/10398562221103081","article-title":"Exploring the Possible Mental Health and Wellbeing Benefits of Video Games for Adult Players: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"30","author":"Hazel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Australas. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2006.10399827","article-title":"Medical Use, Illicit Use and Diversion of Prescription Stimulant Medication","volume":"38","author":"McCabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hudgins, J.D., Porter, J.J., Monuteaux, M.C., and Bourgeois, F.T. (2019). Prescription Opioid Use and Misuse among Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States: A National Survey Study. PLoS Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002922"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, F., Deng, H., Zhang, Q., Fang, Q., Liu, B., Yang, D., Tian, X., and Wang, X. (2022). Symptoms of Internet Gaming Disorder among Male College Students in Nanchong, China. BMC Psychiatry, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03778-6"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.4103\/ipj.ipj_154_21","article-title":"Where, When, and to Whom Gaming Motives May Be Harmful? A Systematic Review","volume":"31","author":"Amudhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Psychiatry J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-014-0177-z","article-title":"Misuse of Stimulant Medication Among College Students: A Comprehensive Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"18","author":"Benson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Child Fam. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054710365980","article-title":"Cognitive Performance Enhancement: Misuse or Self-Treatment?","volume":"15","author":"Peterkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1774","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1774","article-title":"Online Gaming and Its Effect on Academic Performance of Bangladeshi University Students: A Cross-sectional Study","volume":"6","author":"Mahmud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2019.1706540","article-title":"Work-Life Balance as a Predictor of College Student Anxiety and Depression","volume":"69","author":"Sprung","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Health"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.12497","article-title":"The Effect of Computer Game Playing Habits of University Students on Their Sleep States","volume":"56","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychiatr. Care"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3200\/JACH.53.6.253-262","article-title":"Prevalence and Motives for Illicit Use of Prescription Stimulants in an Undergraduate Student Sample","volume":"53","author":"Teter","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Health"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1192\/bja.2020.81","article-title":"Understanding Internet Gaming Addiction in Clinical Practice","volume":"27","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJPsych Adv."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113060","article-title":"The Association between Emotional Regulation and Internet Gaming Disorder","volume":"289","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(82)90005-3","article-title":"The Drug Abuse Screening Test","volume":"7","author":"Skinner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Lu, J., Wang, L., and Gao, X. (2023). Effective Interventions for Gaming Disorder: A Systematic Review of Randomized Control Trials. Front. Psychiatry, 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1098922"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rainisch, B.K.W., Dahlman, L., Vigil, J., and Forster, M. (2022). Using a Multi-Module Web-App to Prevent Substance Use among Students at a Hispanic Serving Institution: Development and Evaluation Design. BMC Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13428-x"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wendt, L.M., Austermann, M.I., Rumpf, H.-J., Thomasius, R., and Paschke, K. (2021). Requirements of a Group Intervention for Adolescents with Internet Gaming Disorder in a Clinical Setting: A Qualitative Interview Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18157813"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2009.00448.x","article-title":"Development and Reliability of Items Measuring the Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs for the Youth Risk Behavior Survey: Results from an Initial Pilot Test","volume":"79","author":"Howard","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2020.152197","article-title":"Social Media Recruitment for Mental Health Research: A Systematic Review","volume":"103","author":"Sanchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/3\/386\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T07:37:41Z","timestamp":1773819461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/3\/386"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph23030386"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph23030386","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]}}}