{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:47:08Z","timestamp":1775198828576,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Colombia hosts one of the world\u2019s largest mixed-displacement crises, combining longstanding internal displacement with the influx of Venezuelan migrants. This case study examines how the Emergency Medical Team (EMT) Hospital Barco San Raffaele (HBSR) adapted its service-delivery model to respond simultaneously to internal displacement in the Colombian Pacific region and the Venezuelan refugee influx. Using the WHO EMT Surge Capacity Framework, the study analyses how health services were adapted across two concurrent displacement contexts. (2) Methods: A mixed-methods comparative case study was conducted using mission reports, epidemiological surveillance data, policy reports and institutional documents collected between November 2020 and May 2021. Data were analyzed through a thematic analysis structured around the four domains of the WHO EMT Surge Capacity Framework (Staff, Structure, Supplies and Systems), to examine how service adaptation was operationalized across different geographic, sociocultural and legal environments; (3) Results: EMT HBSR adapted staffing composition, supply chains, infrastructure, and operational systems across both settings. Its hybrid model, combining a hospital boat platform with mobile outreach teams, enabled continuity of primary care, mental, maternal and child health, and community-based services in geographically isolated and culturally diverse communities; (4) Conclusions: The findings illustrate how flexible EMT operational models can support the adaptation of health services, and reduce health access inequalities in displacement contexts characterized by high mobility, confinement and limited health system capacity. Mobile platforms, such as hospital boats, appear to be a viable strategy for ensuring continuity of care along migratory routes and in geographically isolated areas affected by protracted instability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23040435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T13:41:53Z","timestamp":1774878113000},"page":"435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adapting Health Services in Forced Displacement: Operationalizing Surge Capacity Framework in the EMT Barco San Raffaele, Colombia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2869-4270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Echeverri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CRIMEDIM (Centre for Research and Training in Disaster Medicine, Humanitarian Aid and Global Health), Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7204-7789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Lucia","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMT Barco San Raffaele, Cali 760001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego Orlando","family":"Posso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMT Barco San Raffaele, Cali 760001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4535-801X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ives","family":"Hubloue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Medical School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2528-4375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Ragazzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRIMEDIM (Centre for Research and Training in Disaster Medicine, Humanitarian Aid and Global Health), Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5024-1318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavio","family":"Salio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Emergency Corps, World Health Organization (WHO), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, June 07). 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