{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T15:31:03Z","timestamp":1788535863783,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human exposure to micro- and nanoplastics (MP\/NPs) is increasingly recognized as a potential environmental health concern, although their role in reproductive carcinogenesis remains unclear. This narrative review aims to evaluate current evidence linking MP\/NP exposure to reproductive cancers and to explore the potential chemoprotective effects of bioactive compounds derived from ginger, garlic, and turmeric. A structured literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2008 and 2026. Relevant in vitro, in vivo, and human biomonitoring studies were included to assess mechanisms of toxicity, while preclinical and clinical studies were reviewed to examine the anticancer properties of selected dietary phytochemicals. Available evidence suggests that MP\/NPs can accumulate in human biological systems, including reproductive tissues, where they induce oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, endocrine disruption, and DNA damage, processes closely associated with carcinogenesis. Although epidemiological data remain limited and do not establish cancer, emerging biomonitoring and experimental findings support a biologically plausible link between MP\/NP exposure and hormone-related cancers. Concurrently, bioactive compounds such as curcuminoids, gingerols, and organosulfur compounds demonstrate the ability to modulate key molecular pathways involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell proliferation. Preclinical studies consistently report anticancer effects, while early clinical evidence suggests improvements in oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers, though definitive therapeutic benefits remain uncertain. Overall, this review highlights important mechanistic links and identifies dietary phytochemicals as potential modulators of MP\/NP-induced carcinogenic pathways. However, further well-designed epidemiological and clinical studies are needed to clarify causal relationships and validate their protective role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23040471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T07:25:12Z","timestamp":1775633112000},"page":"471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of Micro and Nanoplastics on Reproductive Cancer and the Potential Anticancer Benefits of Prolonged Ginger, Garlic, and Turmeric Consumption: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Babatunde Adebola","family":"Alabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), Oncology and Cancer Prevention, University of Pretoria, Prinshof, Pretoria 0028, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Prinshof, Pretoria 0002, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0916-7184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Onyemaechi Okpara","family":"Azu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8012-3646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zodwa","family":"Dlamini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), Oncology and Cancer Prevention, University of Pretoria, Prinshof, Pretoria 0028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Khanyile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Prinshof, Pretoria 0002, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5050-7350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahaba","family":"Marima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), Oncology and Cancer Prevention, University of Pretoria, Prinshof, Pretoria 0028, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Prinshof, Pretoria 0002, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saygin, D., and Gielen, D. 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