{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T06:35:21Z","timestamp":1777358121769,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SQU Internal Grant","award":["IG\/--\/MED\/FM&\/26\/375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IG\/--\/MED\/FM&\/26\/375"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Life expectancy (LE) varies widely across Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) countries, reflecting differences in economic, social, environmental, and health-system conditions. This review aimed to synthesize quantitative evidence on determinants of LE at birth in OIC member countries. The study was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, and a systematic search of electronic databases was performed up to September 2025. After screening 5312 records and assessing full texts, studies were appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklists, with an inclusion threshold of \u226580%. A total of 54 studies, mainly ecological, time-series, and panel analyses using national-level data, were included. Higher gross domestic product per capita, education, employment, and health expenditure were consistently associated with longer LE. In contrast, poverty, income inequality, air pollution, and carbon dioxide emissions were associated with shorter LE. Clear differences were observed across World Bank income groups, with LE being lowest in low-income OIC countries and highest in high-income Gulf Cooperation Council states, where gains were driven more by health-system resources than by income growth. Improving LE in OIC countries requires integrated economic, social, environmental, and health-system policies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23040531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T09:37:42Z","timestamp":1776677862000},"page":"531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Influence of Social Determinants of Health, Environmental, and Healthcare Resources on Life Expectancy in the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Countries: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6619-6368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruhina","family":"Aimaq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9147-6164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hana","family":"AlSumri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amal S.","family":"Malehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2993-2813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zainab M.","family":"Al-Zadjali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kouthar S.","family":"Al-Alawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6680-7771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laila S.","family":"Al-Saadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Muscat 100, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4109-4132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rawan","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumaiya","family":"Al Aamri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rabab Mohammed Bedawi","family":"Husien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2862-5489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anak Agung Bagus","family":"Wirayuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2899-3118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moon Fai","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duque, A.M., Peixoto, M.V., Lima, S.V., Goes, M.A.O., Santos, A.D., Ara\u00fajo, K.C.G.M., and Nunes, M.A.P. (2018). Analysis of the relationship between life expectancy and social determinants in a north-eastern region of Brazil, 2010-2017. Geospat. Health, 13.","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2018.702"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ritchie, H. (2025, November 23). 12 Key Metrics to Understand the State of the World. Our World in Data, Available online: https:\/\/archive.ourworldindata.org\/20260402-173937\/12-key-metrics.html."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/padr.12477","article-title":"Global and National Declines in Life Expectancy: An End-of-2021 Assessment","volume":"48","author":"Heuveline","year":"2022","journal-title":"Popul. Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10754-022-09338-5","article-title":"Determinants of life expectancy at birth: A longitudinal study on OECD countries","volume":"23","author":"Roffia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Econ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aytemiz, L., Sart, G., Bayar, Y., Danilina, M., and Sezgin, F.H. (2024). The long-term effect of social, educational, and health expenditures on indicators of life expectancy: An empirical analysis for the OECD countries. Front. Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1497794"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"OICSHPA (2025, October 05). Health Situation in OIC Countries. Available online: https:\/\/www.oichealth.org\/files\/health-situation-in-oic-countries_oic-health-portal.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"SESRIC (2025, September 25). OIC in Key Figures Pocketbook. Statistical Economic and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries. Available online: https:\/\/sesricdiag.blob.core.windows.net\/sesric-site-blob\/files\/article\/886.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"SESRIC (2025, October 11). State of Elderly in OIC Member Countries 2023. 5 June 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.sesric.org\/publications-detail.php?id=572&utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"COMCEC (2026, January 11). CCO BRIEF ON POVERTY ALLEVIATION. Cooperation for Development. October 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.comcec.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/POVERTY-BRIEF-eng-16.11.2019.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"World Health Organization [WHO] (2026, February 03). Social Determinants of Health. World Health Organization. 6 May 2025, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/social-determinants-of-health."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"74","article-title":"Factors Impacting Life Expectancy in Bahrain: Evidence from 1971 to 2020 Data","volume":"53","author":"Wirayuda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Serv. Plan. Adm. Eval."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"State of Global Air (2025, August 09). Impact of Air Pollution on Life Expectancy. State of Global Air. Available online: https:\/\/www.stateofglobalair.org\/health\/life-expectancy?utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa025","article-title":"Loss of life expectancy from air pollution compared to other risk factors: A worldwide perspective","volume":"116","author":"Lelieveld","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balkhi, B., Alshayban, D., and Alotaibi, N.M. (2021). Impact of Healthcare Expenditures on Healthcare Outcomes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region: A Cross-Country Comparison, 1995\u20132015. Front. Public Health, 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.624962"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9856","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-60786-0","article-title":"Unveiling the health consequences of air pollution in the world\u2019s most polluted nations","volume":"14","author":"Azimi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2023.101484","article-title":"Determinants of life-expectancy and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in European and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries: A longitudinal analysis (1990\u20132019)","volume":"24","author":"Varbanova","year":"2023","journal-title":"SSM\u2014Popul. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Marmot, M., Allen, J., Boyce, T., Goldblatt, P., and Morrison, J. (2026, February 21). Marmot review 10 years on. Report 2\/2020. Institute of Health Equity. Available online: https:\/\/www.instituteofhealthequity.org\/resources-reports\/marmot-review-10-years-on."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","article-title":"Global burden of 87 risk fac-tors in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Murray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2025, June 08). Zotero. Duplicate Detection. Zotero. 25 November 2017. Available online: https:\/\/www.zotero.org\/support\/duplicate_detection."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Joanna Briggs Institute [JBI] (2025, July 15). JBI Critical Appraisal Tools. Available online: https:\/\/jbi.global\/critical-appraisal-tools."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-25-00027","article-title":"Effectiveness of hospital-based developmental care interventions for improving neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants during the first 2 years at corrected age: A systematic review protocol","volume":"24","author":"Kankaew","year":"2025","journal-title":"JBI Evid. Evid. Synth."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002260","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjoq-2023-002260","article-title":"Quality of fluid balance charting and interventions to improve it: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Leinum","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open Qual."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"The World Bank (2025, December 24). World Bank Country and Lending Groups. Available online: https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"78","article-title":"Green finance and sustainable development nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"18","author":"Edet","year":"2024","journal-title":"FWU J. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.46754\/jssm.2021.12.012","article-title":"Determinants of life expectancy in Nigeria: An autoregressive distributed lag approach","volume":"16","author":"Onwube","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Sci. Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s43546-021-00119-9","article-title":"The life expectancy\u2013economic growth nexus in Nigeria: The role of poverty reduction","volume":"1","author":"Lawanson","year":"2021","journal-title":"SN Bus. Econ."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"37","article-title":"Foreign Direct Investment, Environmental Pollution and Life Expectancy in Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"Bahuli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Digit. Twin Urban Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4314\/lje.v8i2.2","article-title":"Macroeconomic and Socio-Demographic Determinants of Longevity in Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"Popoola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lapai J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"27","article-title":"The Impact of Socioeconomic and Behavioral Factors on Health Indicators in OIC Countries","volume":"13","author":"Susanto","year":"2025","journal-title":"AL-MUZARA\u2019AH\u2014J. Islam. Econ. Financ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czu041","article-title":"Determinants of life expectancy in the Eastern Mediterranean Region","volume":"30","author":"Gilligan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00469580231212224","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580231212224","article-title":"Unlocking the Secrets of Longevity: Exploring the Impact of Socioeconomic Factors and Health Resources on Life Expectancy in Oman and Qatar","volume":"60","author":"Wirayuda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"218","article-title":"The impact of socio-economic factors on life expectancy for sultanate of Oman: An empirical analysis","volume":"22","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Middle-East J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10823-024-09511-y","article-title":"Comparing Life Expectancy Determinants Between Indonesia and Oman from 1980 to 2020","volume":"40","author":"Wirayuda","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cross-Cult. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wirayuda, A.A.B., Al-Mahrezi, A., Al-Azri, M., and Chan, M.F. (2025). Comparison of life expectancy determinants among Gulf Cooperation Council members. BMC Public Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-21296-4"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22338-9","article-title":"The determinants of life expectancy and environmental degradation in Pakistan: Evidence from ARDL bounds test approach","volume":"30","author":"Azam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"624","article-title":"Income Inequality and Public Health Status: The Role of Government Expenditures of Pakistan","volume":"12","author":"Ahmad","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Asian Dev. Stud."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"89","article-title":"Health expenditure, life expectancy, fertility rate, CO2 emissions and economic growth Do public, private and external health expenditure matter?","volume":"29","author":"Sabra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Econ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7557","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-024-05265-2","article-title":"Examining the impact of ecological deficit on life expectancy in GCC countries: A nonlinear panel data investigation","volume":"28","author":"Jarallah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1111\/1477-8947.12498","article-title":"Addressing life expectancy and healthy life expectancy through environmental indicators: Novel dynamic autoregressive distributed lag estimation","volume":"49","author":"Aziz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Resour. Forum"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, E. (2020). Economic, social, and environmental dimensions of development in Sudan. Perspectives on Eco-nomic Development-Public Policy, Culture, and Economic Development, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.90752"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.14207\/ejsd.2023.v12n1p25","article-title":"Socioeconomic Determinants of Life Expectancy: Southeastern European Countries","volume":"12","author":"Karma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.62433\/josdi.v2i2.29","article-title":"The effect of Carbon Emissions on Life Expectancy: Evidence from Azerbaijan","volume":"2","author":"Javanshirova","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Dev. Issues"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, X., He, S., and Abid, A. (2025). Toward SDG 3 in a developing nation: The role of health expenditure, financial development, and population growth in shaping health outcomes. Front. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1657624"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.15826\/recon.2020.6.4.023","article-title":"Factors affecting life expectancy in Kazakhstan","volume":"6","author":"Panzabekova","year":"2020","journal-title":"R-Econ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110324","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-30060-3","article-title":"Towards green economy and sustainable development in Bangladesh: Assessing the role of social and environmental indicators","volume":"30","author":"Hasan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"73","article-title":"The Effect of Air Quality and Income Inequality on Health Status in Nigeria (1980\u20132020)","volume":"20","author":"Akintunde","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Univ. Danub. Econ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Audi, M., and Ali, A. (2016). Socio-Economic Status and Life Expectancy in Lebanon: An Empirical Analysis, University Library of Munich. MPRA Paper 72900.","DOI":"10.14738\/abr.511.3696"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.3390\/world5030030","article-title":"Carbon emissions, health expenditure, and economic effects on life expectancy in Malaysia","volume":"5","author":"Redzwan","year":"2024","journal-title":"World"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-5-61","article-title":"Health indicators and human development in the Arab region","volume":"5","author":"Boutayeb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539512454163","article-title":"Factors affecting life expectancy: Evidence from 1980-2009 data in Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand","volume":"27","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"6348","article-title":"Impact of Education, Life Expectancy, and Labour Force on Economic Growth: The Case of Morocco","volume":"5","author":"Fikri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Relig. Politics Sociol. Cult."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bala, H., Shaheen, R., Cura, F., Yola, A.T., and Khatoon, G. (2025). Examining goal 3 of the sustainable development agenda: Socio-demographic vs. Macroeconomic influences on health and social well-being. Environ. Dev. Sustain.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-025-06845-6"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.17233\/sosyoekonomi.2021.03.05","article-title":"Socioeconomic Determinants of Gender-Specific Life Expectancy in Turkey: A Time Se-ries Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sosyoekonomi"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"86","article-title":"A study on life expectancy in Turkey","volume":"3","author":"Gulcan","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMU J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"125","article-title":"Predictors of life expectancy at birth in T\u00fcrkiye: A longitudinal study","volume":"22","author":"Sipahi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Turk. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1124","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.2598","article-title":"Examining the association between educational attainment and life expectancy in MENA region: A panel data analysis","volume":"33","author":"Hamidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Plan. Manag."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saidmamatov, O., Saidmamatov, O., Sobirov, Y., Marty, P., Ruzmetov, D., Berdiyorov, T., Karimov, J., Ibadullaev, E., Matyakubov, U., and Day, J. (2024). Nexus between life expectancy, CO2 emissions, economic development, water, and agriculture in Aral sea basin: Empirical assessment. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16072647"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"159","article-title":"Indonesian life expectancy: Role of health infrastructure and socio-economic status","volume":"8","author":"Kristanto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Signifikan J. Ilmu Ekon."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"39","article-title":"Life expectancy and COVID-19 infec-tion: A population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"6","author":"Pourshahri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2011.06.003","article-title":"Income inequality and population health in Islamic countries","volume":"125","author":"Esmaeili","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2103","DOI":"10.1002\/pa.2103","article-title":"Public health financing, environmental quality, and the quality of life in Nigeria","volume":"20","author":"Nathaniel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Public Aff."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11143","DOI":"10.15666\/aeer\/1705_1114311162","article-title":"Oil, environmental pollution and life expectancy in Nigeria","volume":"17","author":"Agbanike","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"13818","article-title":"The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Improving the Life Expectancy Index in Iran","volume":"7","author":"Aalipour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess. Action"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-023-01459-1","article-title":"How do air quality, economic growth and energy use affect life expectancy in the Republic of Kazakhstan?","volume":"17","author":"Kanat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"115","article-title":"Environmental emissions and life expectancy nexus: Further evidence from Nigeria","volume":"19","author":"Igbinedion","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Univ. Petrosani Econ."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"228","article-title":"Effects of Environmental Quality on Human Health Status in Nigeria","volume":"18","author":"Okogor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Univ. Danub. Acon."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/rode.13048","article-title":"Estimating the health production function for Pakistan: Do environmental factors matter?","volume":"28","author":"Awan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Dev. Econ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arafat, W.M.M., Haq, I.U., Mehmed, B., Abbas, A., Gamage, S.K.N., and Gasimli, O. (2022). The Causal Nexus among Energy Consumption, Environmental Degradation, Financial Development and Health Outcome: Em-pirical Study for Pakistan. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15051859"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1504\/IJESD.2024.135635","article-title":"Impact of environmental and economic determinants on life expectancy: A sustainable development exploration in Sino-Pak from 1965 to 2020","volume":"23","author":"Abbas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63709","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-20314-x","article-title":"Environmental quality, healthcare and research and development in Saudi Arabia","volume":"29","author":"Omri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s43621-024-00512-y","article-title":"Fostering economic growth in Somalia: The role of life expectancy and environmental degradation","volume":"5","author":"Hussein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nandi, D.C., Hossain, M.F., Roy, P., and Ullah, M.S. (2023). An investigation of the relation between life expectancy & socioeconomic variables using path analysis for Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in Bangladesh. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275431"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.21009\/JPEB.011.1.2","article-title":"Determining economic growth and life expectancy linkages in Indonesia: A simultanous equation model","volume":"11","author":"Setiawan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pendidik. Ekon. Dan Bisnis (JPEB)"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7009","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-021-03877-z","article-title":"Analyzing the effects of air pollution on life expectancy in Tehran, Iran","volume":"19","author":"Ghaedrahmati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"153","article-title":"Macroeconomic policies and health status in Nigeria","volume":"12","author":"Adeshina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J. Econ. Bus. Account."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"75","article-title":"A structural equation model to explore sociodemographic, macroeconomic, and health factors affecting life expectancy in Oman","volume":"41","author":"Wirayuda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"The World Bank (2020). Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020: Reversals of Fortune, World Bank."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/1477-8947.12303","article-title":"Impact of carbon emissions sources on life expectancy in Asia and the Pacific region","volume":"48","author":"Azam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Resour. Forum"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irandoust, K., Daroudi, R., Tajvar, M., and Yaseri, M. (2025). Global and regional impact of health determinants on life expectancy and health-adjusted life expectancy, 2000\u20132018: An econometric analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease study 2019. Front. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1566469"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4126","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.15.04126","article-title":"Unravelling the determinants of life expectancy during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative comparative analysis","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"44","article-title":"The Effect of Social Determinants of Health on Life Expectancy: A Retrospective Study","volume":"3","author":"Uslu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Akdeniz Hem\u015firelik Derg."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glt.2025.04.005","article-title":"Impact of CO2 emissions, income, and urbanization on health status in GCC countries: A moderating role of energy consumption","volume":"7","author":"Altaee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glob. Transit."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14660","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.14660","article-title":"Association of Health and Social Spending with Health Outcomes in OECD Countries","volume":"60","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"OECD (2025, October 24). Health at a Glance 2021 OECD INDICATORS, Available online: https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/publications\/2021\/11\/health-at-a-glance-2021_cc38aa56.html."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/4\/531\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T05:38:14Z","timestamp":1777354694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/4\/531"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph23040531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph23040531","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]}}}