{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T21:09:22Z","timestamp":1778274562699,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Frisbee has gained increasing popularity and is characterized by high-intensity running, rapid changes in direction, jumping, and indirect physical contact, exposing players to a risk of injury. This study aimed to determine the epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries in frisbee athletes who participated in the World Beach Ultimate Championship in Portugal, and the risk factors associated with these injuries. The sample included 484 athletes aged 18\u201364 years, of whom 275 (56.8%) were male. Data was collected using a digital questionnaire. Across their frisbee practice, 391 (80.8%) athletes reported at least one injury, totalling 1685 injuries. A total of 49 (10.1%) athletes reported an injury in the last 7 days. Over the past 12 months, 211 (43.6%) athletes sustained injuries, totalling 358 cases. The injury proportion was 0.44 (95% CI: 39.2\u201348.0), and the injury rate was 0.67 injuries per 1000 h of training. The most frequent injuries were muscle strains (18.86%) and sprains (13.43%), mainly affecting the ankle (62; 17.71%) and knee (54; 15.43%). Repetitive movements (84; 22.11%) and changes in direction (62; 16.32%) were the most common mechanisms. Athletes with equal or more than 11 years of practice had a higher injury risk (OR = 1.84; 95% CI: 1.16\u20132.91; p = 0.009). Frisbee athletes present a considerable risk of injuries. Preventive strategies are recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23050616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T12:15:07Z","timestamp":1778156107000},"page":"616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Injuries in Frisbee Athletes and Associated Risk Factors: World Beach Ultimate Championship"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3341-3189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Minghelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Insight: Piaget Research Center for Ecological Human Development, 1950-157 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Piaget de Silves, 8300-025 Silves, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6414-5759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera L\u00facia Ramos","family":"Guerreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Piaget de Silves, 8300-025 Silves, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Miguel Coelho","family":"Luz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Piaget de Silves, 8300-025 Silves, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruna Raquel Ferreira","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Piaget de Silves, 8300-025 Silves, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel Tom\u00e9","family":"Carminho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Piaget de Silves, 8300-025 Silves, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Flying Disc Federation (2025, November 23). Disciplines. WFDF 2026. Available online: https:\/\/wfdf.sport\/disciplines\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulido, D., and Lystad, R.P. (2020). Epidemiology of Injuries in Ultimate (Frisbee): A Systematic Review. Sports, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports8120168"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2025, November 23). Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa de Ultimate e Desportos de Disco, APD. Ultimate e Beach Ultimate\u2014APUDD. Apudd.pt 2004. Available online: https:\/\/www.apudd.pt\/ultimate-e-beach-ultimate\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3386","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000989","article-title":"Physical Demands in Competitive Ultimate Frisbee","volume":"29","author":"Krustrup","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Du, L., Gao, Y., Li, H., Zheng, Y., Xie, L., and Zhong, Z. (2024). 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Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2325967120922764","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120922764","article-title":"Risk of Injuries Associated with Sport Specialization and Intense Training Patterns in Young Athletes: A Longitudinal Clinical Case-Control Study","volume":"8","author":"Jayanthi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/5\/616\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T20:11:39Z","timestamp":1778271099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/5\/616"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph23050616"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph23050616","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]}}}