{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T10:53:52Z","timestamp":1788951232180,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Increasing evidence suggests that COVID-19 can induce or exacerbate autoimmune disorders, including immune-mediated thyroid dysfunction. The most common autoimmune thyroid diseases are Graves\u2019 disease and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis; the mechanisms by which viral infections like SARS-CoV-2 trigger these diseases are not fully understood. Objectives: This study aims to systematically review published clinical evidence on the presentation, laboratory characteristics, and outcomes of autoimmune thyroid diseases after COVID-19 infection. Methods: The review followed the PRISMA 2020 framework. Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed were searched for English-language studies between January 2020 and December 2025 using the terms COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, autoimmune thyroiditis, Graves\u2019 disease, Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis, and autoimmune thyroid disease. Results: In total, 46 studies (five cohort studies and 41 case reports\/series) involving 3856 patients were analyzed. The findings indicate that a significant increase in TPOAb prevalence occurs post-COVID-19 infection (15.7% vs. 7.7% in controls). New-onset Graves\u2019 disease (GD) post-COVID-19 presented with higher fT3\/fT4 ratios and more aggressive thyrotoxicosis compared to non-viral cases. Rare but severe manifestations included thyrotoxic periodic paralysis, Hashimoto\u2019s encephalopathy, and dilated cardiomyopathy. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 may act as a trigger for autoimmune thyroid diseases, particularly in moderate-to-severe infections; however, the strength of this association warrants further investigation with controlled prospective data. Standard therapy remains effective, but thyroid function monitoring is advisable during post-COVID-19 recovery. An interdisciplinary approach is essential for early diagnosis and management of systemic complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23060689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T13:12:08Z","timestamp":1779455528000},"page":"689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases After COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review of Clinical Manifestation and Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5373-0523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assylzhan M.","family":"Messova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Diseases Department, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5660-8598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilvira","family":"Ganiyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Diseases Department, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sagira T.","family":"Abdrakhmanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Diseases Department, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8740-1689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliya","family":"Tuleubayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Diseases Department, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8242-4082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makhmutbay","family":"Sanbayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traumatology and Pediatric Surgery, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makpal G.","family":"Makibayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Diseases Department, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0222-3035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin","family":"Tamadon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe 030000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026, January 15). 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