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Mixed results may exist, in part, because residents\u2019 self-reported (individual-level) perceptions of their neighborhood do not always reflect Census-level measurements. We investigated both types of neighborhood characteristics to reexamine previously reported null associations between neighborhood vulnerability and cognition within an interactive socio-environmental framework. Self-identified Latinos (N = 224; x\u00afage = 70.4) without dementia completed a modified Perception of Neighborhood Environment Scale (mPNES; higher scores = more positive perceptions of total and domain-specific community cohesiveness, health opportunities, and ambience), annual cognitive assessments, and had baseline addresses geocoded to a Census-derived Social Vulnerability Index (SVI; higher scores = higher vulnerability). Separate mixed effects regression models adjusted for relevant confounders tested relationships between mPNES and cognitive composite z-scores, and modifying effects of mPNES on the SVI-cognition associations. Higher total mPNES scores were associated with higher baseline global cognition and working memory (driven by community cohesiveness). Higher domain-specific health opportunities associated with slower rates of global cognitive decline. mPNES modified relationships between SVI and cognition, particularly baseline global cognition and episodic memory. Results demonstrate the importance of incorporating individual-level neighborhood perceptions when examining relationships between Census-level measures of neighborhood health and cognition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23060714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T14:36:56Z","timestamp":1779892616000},"page":"714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Modifying Effect of Individual-Level Neighborhood Perceptions on the Relationship Between Census-Level Neighborhood Social Vulnerability and Cognition in Older Latinos"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6130-5543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Lamar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rush Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheyenne V.","family":"Parson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crystal M.","family":"Glover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana W.","family":"Capuano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6649-8898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayra L.","family":"Estrella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rush Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9709-6023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily P.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rush Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0072-9817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa L.","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rush Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rush Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8903-4941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David X.","family":"Marquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rush Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"},{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adr0544","article-title":"Integrating exposomics into biomedicine","volume":"388","author":"Miller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1802313","article-title":"Making Neighborhood-Disadvantage Metrics Accessible\u2014The Neighborhood Atlas","volume":"378","author":"Kind","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. 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