{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T10:16:19Z","timestamp":1780481779257,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined mindfulness and spirituality as potential explanatory mechanisms underlying the associations between connection to nature and young adults\u2019 psychological wellbeing (depression, anxiety, perceived stress, life satisfaction, and positive states of mind). Two studies employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to test these pathways using different conceptualizations and measures of mindfulness and spirituality. Participants (Study 1: N = 219, 69.4% female; Study 2: N = 180, 75% female) completed self-report measures of connection to nature, mindfulness, spirituality, and psychological wellbeing. In Study 1, mindful attention functioned as a significant mediating mechanism reducing anxiety and perceived stress, while mindful awareness mediated reductions in depression and increases in positive states of mind. Conversely, spirituality (life scheme and self-efficacy) was not a significant mediator. In Study 2, using alternative measures, spirituality (self-transcendence) significantly operated as a mediating mechanism across all wellbeing outcomes except anxiety, whereas none of the five facets of mindfulness acted as significant mediating mechanisms. Overall, these findings suggest that the roles of mindfulness and spirituality in linking connection to nature and psychological wellbeing may vary depending on how these constructs are conceptualized and measured, highlighting the need for greater conceptual clarity in future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23060725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T09:33:14Z","timestamp":1780479194000},"page":"725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Connection to Nature and Psychological Wellbeing: The Role of Mindfulness and Spirituality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3718-9582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simin","family":"Kazemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child, Youth, and Family Studies, University of Nebraska Lincoln, 840 N 14th St., 330 Carolyn Pope Edwards Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9051-0711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia C.","family":"Torquati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child, Youth, and Family Studies, University of Nebraska Lincoln, 840 N 14th St., 330 Carolyn Pope Edwards Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuyen","family":"Huynh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Suite #517, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax0903","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax0903","article-title":"Nature and Mental Health: An Ecosystem Service Perspective","volume":"5","author":"Bratman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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