{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:27:45Z","timestamp":1785421665839,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42293272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42293272"]}]},{"award":["42293272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42293272"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a reproducible high-resolution framework for assessing urban chikungunya environmental suitability and outbreak-related spatial heterogeneity during the 2025 outbreak in the western Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong\u2013Macao Greater Bay Area. Using Sentinel-2\u2013derived environmental indicators together with a random forest\u2013based residual correction of Landsat surface temperature, we developed a 10 m weighted additive Mosquito Habitat Suitability Index (MHSI). Index weights were empirically derived by comparing reported case locations at the street and town level with randomly sampled background points. The optimized weighting scheme indicated that humidity- and water-related conditions contributed more strongly to habitat suitability than vegetation and temperature. Reported case locations generally corresponded to higher MHSI values than background locations, suggesting that the index captures broad spatial patterns of environmental suitability. Comparison with a coarser, model-derived global chikungunya risk map was used as an external comparative consistency assessment rather than predictive validation, showing moderate agreement at the macro-spatial scale (Pearson r = 0.3421) after correction for spatial autocorrelation. Residual-difference analysis, combined with multiple points-of-interest (POI) categories, ordinary least squares (OLS), and geographically weighted regression (GWR), further suggested that human activity, transport connectivity, and healthcare accessibility may account for part of the remaining spatial mismatch not explained by environmental suitability alone. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the broad LST downscaling pattern and the exploratory GWR interpretation were reasonably stable under alternative sampling, smoothing, grid-size, and bandwidth settings. Taken together, this framework provides preliminary spatial evidence for high-resolution environmental suitability assessment and exploratory interpretation of outbreak-related spatial heterogeneity, while underscoring the need for finer-scale epidemiological data and more explicit representation of human-driven processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23060730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T18:08:07Z","timestamp":1780510087000},"page":"730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Urban-Scale Chikungunya Risk Mapping in the Western Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Using Remote Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60281-X","article-title":"Chikungunya: A re-emerging virus","volume":"379","author":"Burt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1406035","article-title":"Chikungunya virus and the global spread of a Mosquito-Borne disease","volume":"372","author":"Weaver","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. 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