{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:20:11Z","timestamp":1785403211002,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pro-Reitoria de Extens\u00e3o (PROEX) of Universidade Federal do Vale do S\u00e3o Francisco"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00devjr72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel\u2014Brazil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel\u2014Brazil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.155988\/2025-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.155988\/2025-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["306628\/2025-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["306628\/2025-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["306628\/2025-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["306628\/2025-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03swz6y49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) face elevated cardiovascular risk, and regular exercise is a key non-pharmacological mitigation strategy. However, safe prescription requires cardiovascular and glycemic monitoring, often unfeasible in real-world gyms. Low-cost psychophysiological tools (ratings of perceived exertion\u2014RPE and enjoyment) may offer practical alternatives. This exploratory randomized crossover trial examined whether post-session RPE and enjoyment are associated with acute heart rate (HR) and capillary blood glucose (BG) responses to gym-based aerobic and resistance training. Twelve adults with T1DM (29.8 \u00b1 7.8 years; HbA1c 7.7 \u00b1 1.6%; LDL-c 119.5 \u00b1 24.4 mg\/dL) completed three ~30 min sessions: aerobic interval training (AE) and two resistance protocols (STA, STB). HR and BG were measured pre-, immediately post-, and 20 min post-exercise; RPE and enjoyment, post-session. Multiple linear regression, controlling for exercise session type, examined associations of RPE and enjoyment with resting HR, BG, and percentage of heart rate reserve (%HR). RPE was higher after STA and STB than AE (p &lt; 0.001; \u03b72p = 0.529), while enjoyment and %HR were similar across sessions. Neither variable was associated with resting HR or BG (all adjusted R2 &lt; 0; all p &gt; 0.05). Controlling for exercise session type, RPE was a significant positive predictor of %HR (\u03b2 = 0.44, p = 0.044), whereas enjoyment was not (\u03b2 = \u22120.06, p = 0.719); however, the overall %HR model did not reach statistical significance (adjusted R2 =0.119; F(4,31) = 2.183; p = 0.094). These exploratory findings suggest that RPE, but not enjoyment, may serve as a low-cost adjunct intensity marker to inform exercise prescription in adults with T1DM at elevated cardiovascular risk; however, replication in larger samples is needed before clinical recommendations can be drawn. Direct BG monitoring remains essential for safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23060814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:52:11Z","timestamp":1782453131000},"page":"814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perceived Exertion Is Associated with Cardiovascular Strain but Not Glycemic Response to Gym-Based Exercise in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: An Exploratory Randomized Crossover Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Adevalton Feitosa","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o e Desempenho Funcional (PPGRDF), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina 56328-900, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6691-4436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony Rodrigues de","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o e Desempenho Funcional (PPGRDF), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina 56328-900, PE, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina 56328-900, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3836-6967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Roberto Andrade do","family":"Nascimento J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colegiado de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o F\u00edsica (CEFIS), Universidade Federal do Vale do S\u00e3o Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina 56304-917, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ysadora Verena Ribeiro de","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colegiado de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o F\u00edsica (CEFIS), Universidade Federal do Vale do S\u00e3o Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina 56304-917, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7230-0446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana Oliveira dos Santos","family":"Camatari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina 56328-900, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3852-0602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Bavaresco Gambassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina 56328-900, PE, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Gest\u00e3o e Aten\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 Sa\u00fade (PPGGAS), Universidade Ceuma (UNICEUMA), S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65075-120, MA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoel da Cunha","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o e Desempenho Funcional (PPGRDF), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina 56328-900, PE, Brazil"},{"name":"Escola Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o F\u00edsica (ESEF), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife 50100-130, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2935-3403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Adriano","family":"Schwingel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o e Desempenho Funcional (PPGRDF), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina 56328-900, PE, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina 56328-900, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9852-1856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Luiz de Brito","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o e Desempenho Funcional (PPGRDF), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina 56328-900, PE, Brazil"},{"name":"Colegiado de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o F\u00edsica (CEFIS), Universidade Federal do Vale do S\u00e3o Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina 56304-917, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-022-00945-3","article-title":"2022: Position of Brazilian Diabetes Society on Exercise Recommendations for People with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Pereira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetol. 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