{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:45:29Z","timestamp":1785433529512,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01NS107463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS107463"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R37NS038916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37NS038916"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01NS38916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS38916"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["R01NS107463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS107463"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01s5ya894","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R37NS038916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37NS038916"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01s5ya894","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01NS38916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS38916"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01s5ya894","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Limited research on the impacts of housing conditions on post-stroke outcomes exists, particularly in minoritized neighborhoods that face greater housing disparities than non-Hispanic White neighborhoods. This is largely due to the unavailability of data that combines residential conditions and post-stroke outcomes in diverse communities. This brief report explored whether neighborhood housing values, a proxy of housing conditions, mediate the association between neighborhood ethnic composition (%Hispanic) and post-stroke outcomes in Nueces County, a bi-ethnic community in south Texas. Linear regression models were used to assess associations adjusted for socio-demographics, pre-stroke factors and stroke severity. A total of 782 ischemic stroke cases in 78 neighborhoods were included. Greater %Hispanic was associated with worse post-stroke outcomes and lower housing values. Higher housing values did not change the association between %Hispanic and post-stroke outcomes. Future studies should consider including individual-level data on housing conditions and the capacity to make modifications in research related to post-stroke recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23070824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:52:11Z","timestamp":1782453131000},"page":"824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Housing and Stroke Outcomes: Why Aging in Place Needs to Be Equitable"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Roshanak","family":"Mehdipanah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leanna","family":"Delhey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatema","family":"Shafie Khorassani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sehee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5787-592X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lewis B.","family":"Morgenstern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Case","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5539-5933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynda D.","family":"Lisabeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e254","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000950","article-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics\u20142021 Update","volume":"143","author":"Virani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2020, July 22). US Census Bureau 2010 Census Shows Nation\u2019s Hispanic Population Grew Four Times Faster Than Total U.S. Population-2010 Census-Newsroom-U.S. Census Bureau, Available online: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/newsroom\/releases\/archives\/2010_census\/cb11-cn146.html."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s12170-025-00766-9","article-title":"Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Stroke Incidence and Outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Aparicio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiovasc. Risk Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bishop, L., Gardener, H., Brown, S.C., Veledar, E., Johnson, K.H., Marulanda, E.T., Gutierrez, C.M., Kirk-Sanchez, N., Romano, J., and Rundek, T. (2025). Race and Ethnic Disparities in Rehabilitation Services and Functional Recovery After Stroke. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.01.06.25320085"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.003912","article-title":"Neurological, Functional, and Cognitive Stroke Outcomes in Mexican Americans","volume":"45","author":"Baek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318203e952","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disparities in access to physician care and medications among US stroke survivors","volume":"76","author":"Levine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1177\/0308022615619420","article-title":"Understanding the dimensions of home for people returning home post stroke rehabilitation","volume":"79","author":"Hodson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/000841740907600s09","article-title":"Client-centred home modifications improve daily activity performance of older adults","volume":"76","author":"Stark","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehdipanah, R., Eisenberg, A.K., and Schulz, A.J. (2019). Housing. Urban Health, Oxford University Press. Chapter 5.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190915858.003.0005"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s11113-017-9446-0","article-title":"Hispanic Concentrated Poverty in Traditional and New Destinations, 2010\u20132014","volume":"36","author":"Iceland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Popul. Res. Policy Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Ramirez, A. (2019). Research: Latino Families Burdened by Housing Costs, Eviction, Salud America. Available online: https:\/\/salud-america.org\/research-latino-families-burdened-by-housing-costs-eviction\/."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"11","article-title":"Residential Ethnic Segregation and Stroke Risk in Mexican Americans: The Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi Project","volume":"25","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ethn. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215516671013","article-title":"What environmental factors influence resumption of valued activities post stroke: A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative findings","volume":"31","author":"Jellema","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"National Association of Hispanic Real Estate Professionals (2020). State of Hispanic Homeownership Report, National Association of Hispanic Real Estate Professionals. Available online: https:\/\/nahrep.org\/shhr\/."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2017.05.019","article-title":"Individual housing-based socioeconomic status predicts risk of accidental falls among adults","volume":"27","author":"Ryu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau (2020, July 20). QuickFacts: Nueces County, Texas, Available online: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/quickfacts\/nuecescountytexas."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"520","article-title":"Designing multi-ethnic stroke studies: The Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi (BASIC) Project","volume":"14","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ethn. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"US Census Bureau (2024, May 24). American Community Survey (ACS), Available online: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/acs."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000470","article-title":"Property Values as a Measure of Neighborhoods","volume":"27","author":"Leonard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Fannie Mae (2026, June 12). Property Condition and Quality of Construction of the Improvements|Fannie Mae. Available online: https:\/\/selling-guide.fanniemae.com\/sel\/b4-1.3-06\/property-condition-and-quality-construction-improvements."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (2026, June 12). Understanding Appraisals and Why They Matter, Available online: https:\/\/www.fdic.gov\/consumer-resource-center\/2023-06\/understanding-appraisals-and-why-they-matter."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2004.00254.x","article-title":"The Costs of Urban Property Crime","volume":"114","author":"Gibbons","year":"2004","journal-title":"Econ. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1086\/261981","article-title":"Can Markets Value Air Quality? A Meta-Analysis of Hedonic Property Value Models","volume":"103","author":"Smith","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Polit. Econ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2007.03.004","article-title":"Which school attributes matter? The influence of school district performance and demographic composition on property values","volume":"63","author":"Clapp","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Urban Econ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","article-title":"The moderator\u2013mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations","volume":"51","author":"Baron","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VanderWeele, T. (2015). Explanation in Causal Inference: Methods for Mediation and Interaction, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw277"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwk005","article-title":"Neighborhood Environment and Risk of Ischemic StrokeThe Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi (BASIC) Project","volume":"165","author":"Lisabeth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2599","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011988","article-title":"Association of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status With Outcomes in Patients Surviving Stroke","volume":"96","author":"Stulberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.018816","article-title":"Synergism of Short-Term Air Pollution Exposures and Neighborhood Disadvantage on Initial Stroke Severity","volume":"48","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/00004356-200409000-00005","article-title":"Accessibility and usability of the physical housing environment of seniors with stroke","volume":"27","author":"Reid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Rehabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-016-9712-4","article-title":"Poor housing and stroke mortality in population over 64 years old at the parish level, in mainland Portugal","volume":"82","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1093\/socpro\/spaa033","article-title":"The Increasing Effect of Neighborhood Racial Composition on Housing Values, 1980\u20132015","volume":"68","author":"Howell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Probl."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/7\/824\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T04:50:49Z","timestamp":1782535849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/23\/7\/824"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph23070824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph23070824","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]}}}