{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T09:46:13Z","timestamp":1782467173045,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grand Valley State University Libraries and Art Museum"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines the retail food environment surrounding public schools in Michigan using a multiscale, multidimensional framework. A cross-sectional spatial analysis integrates relative healthfulness (modified Retail Food Environment Index, mRFEI), availability (outlet counts), and accessibility (network-based walking time) across school districts, census tracts, block groups, and school-centered buffers. The analysis includes 3530 public schools, 7680 fast food restaurants, and 2065 convenience stores. Results show pronounced spatial heterogeneity and clustering of unhealthful outlets (Nearest Neighbor Index = 0.284, p &lt; 0.001), with many located near schools. Approximately 34% of schools are within a 10 min walk of a fast food restaurant, increasing to 65% within a 20 min walk. Urban schools face significantly greater exposure\u20142.27\u20132.80 times more fast food outlets and shorter walking times than rural schools (p \u2264 0.002)\u2014with consistent gradients across city, suburban, town, and rural contexts. Overall, school neighborhood food environments are highly structured, obesogenic, and inequitable. By integrating multiple spatial scales and complementary measures of food environments, this study advances food environment research and provides policy-relevant evidence for targeted, place-based interventions to improve access to healthier food around schools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph23070835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T08:43:57Z","timestamp":1782463437000},"page":"835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Islands in an Obesogenic Ocean: A Multiscale Spatial Analysis of School Neighborhood Food Environments in Michigan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1138-1060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Sustainable Planning, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wambogo, E.A., Ansai, N., Ahluwalia, N., and Ogden, C.L. 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